Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
the same period 1,786 Mt CO
2
. This represents an average decrease in CO
2
emissions of 1.4 % per installation in 2012 over 2011 (this
gure takes into account
only the installations that have submitted their emissions report).
This decrease in CO
2
emissions was expected by most analysts, and may be due
to the economic stagnation in Europe combined with the effect of energy ef
ciency
and renewable energy policies, despite low coal and carbon prices.
RWE, Vattenfall and E.ON were the three biggest CO
2
emitters of the EU
emissions trading scheme during the year 2012. RWE, E.ON and Vattenfall emitted
in 2012 respectively 157 MtCO
2
, 92 MtCO2 and 90 MtCO2. RWE had in 2012 a
shortage of 45 million carbon allowances.
Additional data are available for the year 2012:
The three companies with the
highest surplus
of EUAs were two steel makers
and one cement manufacturer: ArcelorMittal (37 million EUAs surplus), Tata
Steel (17 million EUAs surplus) and Lafarge (12 million EUAs surplus).
The three companies having in 2012 the
highest shortage
of EU carbon
allowances are all involved in the electricity generation business. These com-
panies are RWE (shortage of 45 Mt), Vattenfall (28 Mt) and Enel (17 Mt).
The three companies having surrendered the biggest number of
CERs
to EU
Member States are E.ON (27 million CERs), Enel (16.5 million CERs) and
GDF-Suez (8.5 million CERs).
The three companies having surrendered the biggest quantity of
ERUs
for 2012
compliance are RWE (15 million ERUs), CEZ (12.5 million ERUs) and E.ON
(11 million ERUs).
in aggregate - less free
allowances than they emitted: Germany (29 Mt) and the United Kingdom (2.5 Mt).
All the other countries allocated to their installations more allowances than the
amount of carbon emitted in 2012. Romania (
In 2012, only two countries allocated to their installations
—
26 Mt), France (
25 Mt), the Czech
−
−
Republic (
17 Mt), Spain (
17 Mt), and Poland (
16 Mt) are topping the list of
−
−
−
countries with a surplus in EU carbon allowances.
In terms of emissions evolution between 2012 and 2011, nine countries saw an
increase of their CO
2
emissions. Malta (+7.5 %), Ireland (+7 %) and the UK
(+4.7 %) experienced the highest increases in CO
2
emissions. Countries that wit-
nessed a decrease in their CO
2
emissions level in 2012 are topped by Northern
European countries: Finland (
15 %), Denmark (
15 %), Estonia (
8.5 %) and
−
−
−
Sweden (
8.3 %). Finland and Denmark had made exactly the same performance
last year, i.e., these two countries reduced their CO
2
emissions by nearly 30 % from
2010 to 2012.
Figure
1
shows the emissions-to-cap ratio in 2012 by country. This graph reveals
that only two countries (Germany and the UK) were short of allowances during the
compliance year 2012, while other countries were in a more favorable position,
with larger amounts of allocated allowances than veri
−
ed emissions for that vintage.
Following this up-to-date presentation of the state of the EU ETS in terms of
emissions data, we address in the next section various regulatory issues regarding
the evolution of the scheme.
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