Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
4.4 Interactions Among Policies
The general impression one gets from the survey of the literature is that govern-
ments have been operating a signi
cant knowledge gap in this area and have been
approving many different energy policies with the objective of reducing the energy
ef
ciency gap but without a clear idea of how well they will work. This process has
created a situation where many policies simultaneously co-exist in time. For
illustrative purposes, Table
3
shows the current number of energy efciency poli-
cies in France, classi
ed by type of measure and sector.
This creates of course a situation where there are many interactions among
policies. Sometimes those interactions can be negative and lead to inef
cient and
unexpected results, while synergies might remain unexploited. Following Tinber-
gen
cient solutions the number of targets should be equal to
the number of policies. However, the use of more than one policy in a given area is
justi
'
s[
76
] Rule, to reach ef
ed in the case of market failures and equity issues, as a second best
approximation [
6
,
61
,
70
].
Yet, clearly the entire current mix cannot be justi
ed on these grounds. There is
a lack of literature analyzing the interaction among general energy policies, in a
context of complex regulatory saturation. As it was shown in the preceding section,
the academic literature has mainly focused on estimating the results from individual
national policies or simulations of certain policy proposes. But little is known about
the magnitude of the multiple interactions existing among energy policies. Given
their real-world relevance, authors have focused on the interactions between the
EU-ETS and renewable energy policies (see, for instance, [
70
]). However, inter-
actions between energy ef
ciency and other renewable/environmental policy
instruments have received less attention. Some authors point out
important
Table 3 Current number of energy ef
ciency policies in France
Country/measures
Household
Tertiary
Industry
Transport
Cross-
cutting
Financial
10
4
3
2
-
Fiscal/tariffs
4
4
-
-
-
Information/education/
training
5
3
2
4
-
Legislative/info
6
3
-
1
-
Legislative/normative
7
8
1
4
-
Unknown
7
1
1
3
-
Co-operative
2
2
3
4
-
Infrastructure
-
-
-
4
-
Social planning
organization
2
-
-
-
-
Other
20
-
-
-
-
Source
Project ODYSSEE-MURE
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