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Fig. 3.17 sp 3 hybridization of atomic orbitals
Fig. 3.18 Different variants of hybridization of atomic orbitals
hybridization. Pauling explained their overlap by the formation of double and triple
carbon-carbon bonds.
Later, Gillespie and Nyholm offered another semiempirical method for deter-
mining the structure of simple molecules, which applies not only to compounds of
carbon but also to molecules involving all atoms of the periodic system. They
suggested that the relative position of atoms in a molecule is determined by the
electrostatic repulsion between bonds and lone pairs of electrons. Despite its
exceptional simplicity, this assumption describes the structure of simple molecules
with surprising accuracy (Fig. 3.20 ).
A characteristic feature of large molecules is that with an increase in the number
of nuclei in the molecule the probability of the existence of isomers—compounds
with the same stoichiometry (i.e., the atomic composition of the molecule), but with
different equilibrium configurations of the nuclei—also increases. Accordingly,
several minima corresponding to each isomer appear on the potential energy
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