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Fig. 1.14 Transfer of molecular fragments by a scanning electron microscope: (a) scheme, (b and
c) transfer of separate atoms, (d) the first sign formed by tungsten atoms in the IBM laboratory
self-excited force arises due to the correlation of fluctuations of the electron density
of atoms or molecules. A fluctuation in the atom (molecule) may induce instanta-
neous dipole moment. This dipole polarizes the electron shell of the neighboring
atom and, at small distances, gives rise to a local dipole moment at the neighboring
atom. The interaction of induced moments leads to attraction of the atoms, which is
suppressed as the atoms come closer to each other due to electron shell repulsion.
The mechanism of the emergence of such self-excited force was investigated in the
