Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
pi
signifies a covalent bond formed by sideways overlap between orbitals
π
sigma
σ
signifies a covalent bond formed by end-on overlap between orbitals. σ also represents
the shear stress applied to a viscous fluid (Equation 3.11)
sigma
†
Σ
represents the summation of a series of similar terms in an algebraic equation. For
example, in the equation for
ionic strength
, Σ
i
m
i
z
i
(Equation 4.28) symbolizes adding
together
m
i
z
i
2
terms for all of the major solute ions present (=m
1
z
1
2
+
m
2
z
2
2
+
m
3
z
3
2
+ …
where
i
= 1 might represent Na
+
,
i
= 2 might represent Cl
-
,
i
= 3 might represent Ca
2+
and
i
= 4 might represent HCO
3
-
, for example)
theta
the diffraction angle in X-ray diffraction measurements (Equation 5.3.1)
θ
phi
number of phases participating in an equilibrium (
Phase Rule,
Equation 2.2)
ϕ
omega
frequency of oscillation
ω
‰
per mil
= parts per thousand. See
δ
18
O
above
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