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(a)
(b)
(c)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Lone pair
Lone pairs
109°
107°
104°
Carbon sp
3
Nitrogen sp
3
Oxygen sp
3
2s
2p
2s
2p
2s
2p
Nitrogen electron
Carbon electron
Oxygen electron
Hydrogen electron
Hydrogen electron
Hydrogen electron
(d)
Figure 7.5
The structure of (a) methane, (b) ammonia, (c) water
molecules and (d) diamond. In (d), the shaded tetrahedron shows the
coordination of a representative carbon atom; atoms are shown at 1/10
true size in relation to internuclear distance. The broad end of each
bond should be seen as projecting out of the plane of the paper towards
the observer.
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