Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Global historical precipitation record is very important for climate change studies
reconstructing the historical precipitation record, and demonstrates the feasibility of
reconstructing large-scale features of oceanic precipitation variations from 1900.
Possible improvements in the long-term reconstruction using data assimilation and
integration of longer satellite-based observations are discussed.
for developing a fundamental climate data record (FCDR) from the Microwave
Sounding Unit (MSU) and the Advanced MSU observations onboard NOAA polar
orbiting satellite series. Various residual bias correction algorithms, including antenna
pattern corrections, limb adjustments, diurnal drift corrections, geolocation-dependent
bias removal, and channel frequency differences, are discussed. The effects of an
improved inter-calibrated FCDR on the reanalysis bias correction are demonstrated.
The atmospheric temperature TCDR and applications are also described.
Arctic change is of considerable interest for climate change studies, and satellite
remote sensing measurements are critical for monitoring and evaluating changes in
the Arctic. Dr. Key (
2013
) discusses satellite-based approaches for monitoring
Arctic climate characteristics in Chap.
9
. Methods and applications for retrieving
physical variables of the Arctic climate system, such as winds, clouds, surface
temperature and albedo, and sea ice, are summarized. Applications of satellite
remote sensing data products for climate change detection are discussed.
Considerable societal and economic importance can be associated with reliably
monitoring the intensity of tropical cyclones and investigating the impacts of global
climate change on hurricane tracks and characteristics. In Chap.
10
, Drs. DeMaria
et al. (
2013
) review methods for estimating tropical cyclone intensity with satellite
remote sensing techniques, including visible, infrared, and microwave instruments.
Integrated solutions for TC forecasting and monitoring based on multiple
instruments are suggested. Possible improvements in the next generation of
satellites for TC monitoring are also discussed.
A changing climate impacts human lives. The impacts are derived from process
interactions between the Earth system components: the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
the satellite-based ocean surface turbulent flux, which is one of the important
parameters for monitoring and predicting global climate change. The ocean processes
interact with the Earth's key cycles: the energy cycle, water cycle, and other biogeo-
chemical cycles. The authors discuss the transfer mechanisms occurring at the air-sea
interface, present the bulk formulae for estimating the flux transfers and introduce the
bulk parameters from satellite observations, describe various research or operational
products that integrate the bulk parameters to produce surface flux products, and
present an assessment of these products. The use of these products in climate research
and operational applications is also discussed in Chap.
11
(Chiu and Gao
2013
).
Snow cover is an important indicator of global climate change and plays a key
role in the climate system. Satellite remote sensing provides an excellent method to
observe the snow cover, both in visible and passive microwave regions of the
spectrum. In Chap.
12
, Dr. Li Xu introduces satellite-based applications of snow
cover. The role of snow in the climate system, satellite snow observations and
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