Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
28
a
0.8
DJF , 60°N
5.5
24
0.7
5.0
22
0.6
4.5
20
0.5
4.0
18
(S:0.0192 ±0.0756,P:0.198; S:0.0171 ±0.0159,P:0.703: S:0.0043 ±0.0035,P:0.766)
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
20
b
MAM
18
16
5.0
14
4.5
12
11.5
(S:
−
0.2611 ±0.0612,P:0.999; S:
−
0.0222 ±0.0262,P:0.591: S:
−
0.0039 ±0.0006,P:1.000)
4.0
6.5
c
JJA
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
20
19
6.0
5.5
5.0
(S:
−
0.0863 ±0.0185,P:1.000; S:0.0020 ±0.0181,P:0.087: S:
−
0.0031 ±0.0007,P:1.000)
4.5
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
6.0
d
SON
0.65
18
17
16
15
14
19
18
0.55
0.50
(S:
−
0.1540 ±0.0531,P:0.990; S:0.0040 ±0.0106,P:0.286; S:0.0002±0.0014,P:0.105)
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.0
e
0.60
ANNUAL
0.58
17
18
15
14
0.56
0.54
0.52
4.8
(S:
−
0.1217 ±0.0273,P:1.000; S:0.0004 ±0.0109,P:0.026; S:
−
0.0005±0.0008,P:0.502)
82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Year
Cloud particle effective radius
Cloud optical depth
Cloud particle phase
Fig. 9.7
Time series and trends of cloud particle phase, effective radius, and optical depth in
winter (
DJF
), spring (
MAM
), summer (
JJA
), and autumn (
SON
) over the period of 1982-1999 for
the Arctic region north of 60
N from APP-x. Numbers in parentheses are the trend slope per year
(“
S
”) with its standard deviation and the
F
test confidence level (“
P
”). The first pair of
S
and
P
denotes the cloud particle effective radius trend (
solid line
), the second pair is for the cloud optical
depth trend (
dashed line
), and the third pair represents the cloud particle phase trend (
dotted line
)
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