Risk Assessment for Safe Drinking Water Supplies - Global Drinking Water Management and Conservation - page 139

Table 6.4 (continued)
Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality in Australia HACCP ISO

9001

Element 9 research and development
Investigative studies and research monitoring
Validation of processes

c c

c

Design of equipment

Element 10 documentation and reporting
Management of documentation and records

c c

Reporting
Review
Element 11 evaluation and audit
Long-term evaluation of results

a

c c

Audit of drinking water quality management

Element 12 review and continual improvement
Review by senior executive

c c

c

Drinking water quality management improvement plan

Notes
a Aspect not explicitly stated but interpreted as being included
c Aspect explicitly stated

assessing the risks for drinking water (Australian Government of National Health
and Medical Research Council 2004 ). In comparison with HACCP, the framework
is able to evaluate the potential risks in the drinking water system using qualitative
and quantitative data (Australian Government of National Health and Medical
Research Council 2004 ). However, as a fundamental quality management system,
ISO 9001 does not include the identi cation of hazardous events in water supply

systems, nor does it include an assessment of water quality data (Australian Gov-
ernment of National Health and Medical Research Council 2004 ).

2. CWP tool

In Australia, there are many remote and indigenous communities, in which the
safety of drinking water has been a critical issue for decades due to poor sanitation
and contaminated water. In 2005, the

first version of the CWP designed as a
microbiological-based tool was released by NHMRC to support the implementation
of ADWG, which included information on preventing microbial, physical, chem-
ical, and radiological risks in drinking water (Centre for Appropriate Technology
2012 ). The CWP was aimed at helping smaller water suppliers in remote areas
identify the existing and potential hazards and their sources, assess the risk of the
hazards and evaluate performance through a risk-based Water Management Plan
(Byleveld et al. 2008 ). The Water Management Plan is based on microbiological
factors, which cover (a) water quantity and quality, (b) water supply from source to