Risk Assessment for Safe Drinking Water Supplies - Global Drinking Water Management and Conservation - page 134

contaminated by pathogens. If such a basic action needed for water disinfection is
not carried out, the merits of a Water Safety Plan will be seriously compromised.
This experiment with WSP will require a major sustained effort including foreign
aid if it is to succeed in Bangladesh. Thus, this experience with WSPs in Ban-
gladesh can best be described as mixed.

6.4.2 Uganda

Uganda is a developing country in East Africa and adjoins Lake Victoria, the world s

second largest freshwater lake. In 2008, more than 30 percent of the population
accessed unprotected drinking water sources in Uganda (Gunnarsd

'

ttir 2012 ). Pro-
tection of water sources is a big challenge, since the main water utility, Kampala
Water, has no jurisdiction over the catchment of Lake Victoria, partly because the
catchment of the lake lies in three countries (i.e. Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania) and
the legal framework of catchment protection between the three countries has not been
established. In Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda, a number of problems
associated with drinking water have appeared, for example, the quality of water has
worsened and the application of

ó

ltration of drinking water to protect against cholera
is expensive and not affordable (Gunnarsd ó ttir 2012 ).
The Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) in the UK as well as
the National Water and Sewerage Corporation in Uganda (the two together are
referred to as the “ group ” ) collaborated on a project (2002 2004) which is called

-

“ (Tibatemwa

et al. 2004 ). The aim of the project was to test whether the application of WSP to
water supply would work in Kampala (Gunnarsd

Risk Assessment and Management of Piped Urban Water Supply ”

ttir 2012 ). The project developed
the key steps, including (a) preliminary system assessment, (b)

ó

field assessment,

and (c) Water Safety Plan.

1. Preliminary system assessment

The Kampala water system includes surface water, treatment, storage reservoir,
and distribution. To assure its quality, a preliminary assessment of the system was
carried out by the group using available data. By identifying the existing and
potential vulnerability of the system and evaluating the likelihood of risk, the group
found that contamination at a principal valve would likely cause greater risk than a
valve in the tertiary infrastructure. Field assessment was introduced to de ne the

different inspection points within the distribution system in Kampala and risks were
identi ed based on the characteristics of each inspection such as population, pipes,

and altitude.

2. Water Safety Plan
After the field assessment, a series of Water Safety Plans was developed for the

Kampala system based on the

five impact categories, which are the following
(Godfrey et al. 2002 ): (a) mortality in large population; (b) mortality in small