Mountain Rivers and Incised Channels - River Dynamics and Integrated River Management - page 124

Fig. 3.3 (a) The upper reaches of the Liwu River in Taiwan, China; (b) Bank failure due to incision on a small
stream in Sichuan (See color figure at the end of this topic)

T able 3.2 Causes of incised channels (after Darby and Simon, 1999)
Category Causes Studies

A. Geologic A1. Uplift

A2. Subsidence
A3. Faulting
A4. Lateral tilt

Burnett and Schumm (1983), Wang et al. (2009)
Ouchi (1985)
Keller and Pinter (1996), Mayer (1985), Ouimet et al. (2007)
Reid (1992)

B. Geomorphologic B1. Stream capture

B2. Base-level lowering
B3. Meander cutoffs
B4. Avulsion
B5. Lateral channel shift
B6. Cliff retreat
B7. Sediment storage
(increased gradient)
B8. Mass movement
B9. Groundwater sapping

Shepherd (1979), Galay (1983)
Begin et al. (1980)
Winkley (1994), Love (1992)
Kesel and Yodis (1992), Schumm et al. (1996)
LaMarche (1966), Galay (1983)
Schumm and Phillips (1986)
Patton and Schumm (1975), Trimble (1974),
Mead et al. (1990), James (1991), Vandeaele et al. (1996)
Martinson (1986), Rodolfo (1989), Ohmori (1992)
Higgins (1990), Jones (1997)

C. Climatic C1. Drier

C2. Wetter
C3. Increased intensity

Knox (1983), Graf (1983), Hall (1990)
Knox (1983), Graf (1983), Bull (1991)
Knox (1983), Balling and Wells (1990)

D. Hydrologic D1. Increased discharge

D2. Increased peak discharge
D3. Decreased sediment load

Burkard and Kostachuk (1995)
Macklin et al. (1992)
Lane (1955), James (1991)

E. Animals E1. Grazing

E2. Tracking

Alford (1982), Graf (1983), Prosser and Slade (1994)
Trimble and Mendel (1995)

F. Humans F1. Dam construction

F2. Sediment diversion
F3. Flow diversion
F4. Urbanization
F5. Dam removal, failure
F6. Lowering lake levels
F7. Meander cutoff
F8. Underground mining
F9. Groundwater and
petroleum withdrawal
F10. Sand and gravel mining
F11. Dredging
F12. Roads, trails, ditches
F13. Channelization
F14. Deforestation
F15. Fire

Williams and Wolman (1984)
Galay (1983)
Maddock (1960)
Morisawa and LaFlure (1979)
Galay (1983)
Born and Ritter (1970), Galay (1983)
Lagasse (1986), Winkley (1994)
Goudie (1982)
Lofgren (1969), Goudie (1982),
Prokopovich (1983)
Harvey and Schumm (1987)
Lagasse (1986)
Burkard and Kostachuk (1995), Gellis (1996)
Schumm el al. (1984), Simon (1994)
Macklin et al. (1992)
Laird and Harvey (1986), Heede et al. (1988)