Degradation of Anthroquinone Dyes Stimulated by Fungi - Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters - page 344

water, in addition to dyes. Many options were explored for treatment of textile
ef uent water and reuse of water. A wide range of water pH, temperature, salt

concentration and chemical dyes in use today add to the complications of biological
treatments. Hence, color removal by microbes from ef

uents in an economical way
still remains a formidable task. Although a number of systems employing various
physico-chemical and biological processes have been successfully implemented,
but regulatory agencies are stressing on only new, ef cient, and improved decol-

orization technologies. In view of emerging demand for a technically feasible and
economical treatment technology, a number of emerging technologies are being
proposed and are presently at different stages of commercialization. New technol-
ogies with amalgamation of different methods are most likely to be available in the
near future, which will be both ef cient and economically viable. However, high

cost involved in sophisticated technologies may have many limiting factors as well.
Therefore, bioremediation of textile ef

uents is still an attractive solution being a
low-cost, sustainable and publicly acceptable technology. Use of microbes and their
isolated enzymes for textile dyes degradation is not very expensive option. That is
why many microorganisms and enzymes have been isolated and explored for their
ability and capacity to degrade dyes. Microbes have been also modi

ed by the

“ ”

genetic engineering tools to obtain . In some cases, a

combination of biological with physical process such as adsorption or

super and faster degraders

ltration, or
chemical, such as coagulation/oxidation-processes may be inevitable to achieve the
desirable goal of textile ef

cient sorbents
including natural wastes are also very promising, due to their low cost and high
availability.

uent treatment. Several low cost and ef

7 Future Perspectives

In view of increasing application of synthetic dyes, there is an urgent need for the
effective treatment process of colored ef

uents, prior to their discharge as waste
water into waterways: Biodegradation of synthetic dyes using different microbes
and isolated enzymes offers a promising approach by individually or in combination
with conventional treatments available. The complexity of dyes degradation of
structurally different dyes, undoubtedly demands focused research for microbial
degradation. As of now, most of the investigations addressed dye degradation of
azo dyes. Now, there is also a need to focus on microbial degradation of other
classes of textile dyes, anthraquinone, indigoid, xanthene, arylmethane and
phthalocyanine derivatives. The pathways for dye degradation are also still not fully
explored. Intensive research in microbiology, molecular biology, chemistry and
genetic elds is needed to explore the degradation pathway and to develop a new

technology which will be highly effective for degradation of different dyes. New
microbes and enzymes, with broader substrate speci city and higher activity, have

to be isolated and studied for their ability and capacity as key agents in dye
remediation. Through the process of genetic engineering, random or selective