Degradation of Anthroquinone Dyes Stimulated by Fungi - Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters - page 329

RB4. Many metabolites were reported duringenzymatic degradation of this dye,
such as 2-formylbenzoic acid, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxy-3-benzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydr-
oxybenzenesulfonic acid and 1,2,3,4-pentahydroxybenzene. In the second step,
when the enzyme -transformed solution was subjected to sorption on the powdered
fungal biomass, the reduction was further enhanced to 93 % within 10 min of
incubation.
Zhang et al. ( 2007 ) also recorded 90 % decolorization of 80 ppm of anthra-
quinone dye, Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBBR), by a non-ligninolytic fungus,
Myrothecium sp. IMER1 after 7 days of cultivation. The production of bilirubin
oxidase (BOX) was also found during adsorption of dye by cells at the initial stage
of decolorization which fainted the color initially and then led to complete disap-
pearance. This observation clearly indicated that both the strain and the extracellular
enzyme BOX had promising applications in the decolorization of dye ef

uent.

ed a white rot fungus
Trametes sp. strain SQ01, from decayed wood in a temperate forest, for its ability to
degrade azo, triphenylmethane and anthraquinone dyes. It was found that except
acid blue, about 97

Working on this aspect, Yang et al. ( 2009 ) also identi

99 % of azo dyes and RRBR (anthraquinone dye) were
degraded by Trametes sp. SQ01 after 7 days of incubation. Besides, 30

-

70 % of
triphenymethane dyes was also removed during the same period, while bromo-
phenol blue was completely degraded.
Levin et al. ( 2012 ) investigated the role of grape stalks as an agroindustrial waste,
for growth, enzyme production and decolorization of different dyes, such as indigo
carmine, malachite green, azure B, remazol brilliant blue, crystal violet and xylidine
by three white rot fungi: Trametes trogii, Stereum hirsutum and Coriolus antarcti-
cus. The laccase (33.0 U g − 1 ) and Mn-Peroxidase (1.6 U g − 1 dry wt.) activities were
found highest in C. antarcticus, while endoglucanase (10.4 U g − 1 dry wt.) and
endoxylanase (14.6 U g − 1 dry wt.) activities were maximum in S. hirsutum and
T. trogii respectively. It was also noted that in the presence of grape stalk, C. ant-
arcticus was found very effective in bioremediation of textile possessing ef

-

uents,
attaining percent decolorization of 93, 86, 82, 82, 77 and 58 % for indigo carmine,
malachite green, azure B, remazol brilliant blue R, crystal violet and xylidine,
respectively, in 5 h incubation.
Hsu et al. ( 2012 ) identi

ed a new fungal strain, Lentinus sp., that produces an
extracellular enzyme laccase Lentinus lcc3 with an activity of approximately
58,300 U l − 1 , This enzyme has the ability to reverse the toxicity of anthraquinone
and azo dyes on rice seed germination and also decolorized industrial

textile

uent. Initially, at 1 U ml − 1 of lcc3, the decolorization ef ef ciencywas found to be

97, 29, 48, 22, 22 and 4 % for Acid Blue 80, RBBR, Acid Red 37, Acid Black 1,
Direct Blue 71, andDirect Black 19, respectively. The decolorization ef ciencywas

further improved to 88 and 61 % for RBBR and Acid Red 37, respectively, when
the concentration of laccase was increased to 20 U ml − 1 . This indicates that this
enzyme is very useful for bioremediation of textile dyes in waste water.
According to Casieri et al. ( 2008 ), two fungal species Trametes pubescens Mut
2295 and Pleurotus ostreatus Mut 2976, obtained from Mycotheca Universitatis
Taurinensis (MUT) Collection, were highly capable of decolorizing three industrial