Environmental Engineering Reference
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Fig. 4 White-rot fungi as
they grow in nature.
a Trametes pubescens,
b Trametes versicolor
(a)
(b)
3 Factors Affecting the Fungal Degradation of Azo Dyes
Micro-organisms are sensitive to the presence of chemical substances, such as dyes,
high salinity, variations in pH and high content of organic compounds (Dua et al.
2002 ; Ang et al. 2005 ; Megharaj et al. 2011 ). The biodecolouration process depends
on the following factors: the azo dye structure, carbon and nitrogen sources, salinity,
pH, temperature, dye concentration and the presence or absence of oxygen.
3.1 Effect of the Azo Dye Structure
It was observed that dye structure highly affects its degradation (Pasti-Grigsby et al.
1992 ; Hsueh et al. 2009 ; Kuberan et al. 2011 ; Rajee and Patterson 2011 ; Sawhney
and Kumar 2011 ). Thus, it was found that azo dyes containing electron-withdrawing
groups such as SO 3 were degraded easier than those with electron-donating groups,
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