Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Bacterial Degradation of Textile Dyes
Kisan M. Kodam and Yogesh M. Kolekar
1 Introduction
Color is a visible pollutant and its presence has always been undesirable in water
used for either industrial or domestic needs. The exact period of the commencement
of the art of dyeing in the world could not be ascertained correctly. However,
archaeological evidence shows that dyeing was a wide-spread industrial enterprise
in Egypt, India and Mesopotamia round third millennium B.C. (Ouzman 1998 ).
Ever since the beginning of human civilization, people have been using colorants
for painting and dyeing of their surroundings, skins and clothes. Until the mid 19th
century, all colorants applied were from natural origin. These dyes were from plant
sources, like roots, berries, bark, leaves, wood, fungi, and lichens. They fade early,
because they were from natural origin and degradable. William Henry Perkin
discovered the
(aniline, a basic dye) while
searching for a cure for malaria and thus, a new industry has opening. It was a
brilliant fuchsia type color, but faded easily. Synthetic dyes were named after the
chemical structure of the chromophoric group (azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes,
xanthene dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, etc.) (Zollinger 2003 ). Amongst complex
industrial wastewater with various types of coloring agents, dye wastes are pre-
dominant (Anjaneyulu et al. 2005 ).
Color is contributed by phenolic compounds, such as tannins, lignins (2
rst synthetic dye stuff
Mauve
3%)
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and organic colorants (3
4 %) (Clarke and Steinle 1995 ). However, synthetic dyes
including dye intermediates i.e. sulfur, mordant, reactive, cationic, disperse, azo,
acid, and vat dyes contribute maximum to waste waters (Raghavacharya 1997 ).
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