Textile Dyes Degradation: A Microbial Approach for Biodegradation of Pollutants - Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters - page 187

enzyme system, produced during secondary metabolism in nitrogen-limited med-
ium. This fungus has also been shown to degrade polymeric dyes (Glenn and Gold
1983 ), Crystal Violet (Bumpus and Brock 1988 ) azo and heterocyclic dyes. Cripps
et al. ( 1990 ) reported the aerobic degradation of three azo dyes (Congo Red, Orange
II and Tropaeolin O) by the fungus P. chrysosporium. The degradation of azo,
anthraquinone, heterocyclic, triphenylmethane and polymeric dyes by P. chrysos-
porium has been intensively studied (Bumpus 1989 ; Cripps et al. 1990 ; Ollikka
et al. 1993 ). Spadaro et al. ( 1992 ) established that P. chrysosporium was capable of
mineralizing a variety of toxic azo dyes and was dependent on the nature of ring
substituents. Another white-rot fungus, Thelephora sp. was also used for decolor-
ization of azo dyes, such as Orange G, Congo Red, and Amido Black 10B.
Freitage and Morell ( 1992 ) reported the results of screening of 170 strains of
white-, brown-, and soft-rot decay fungi and non-decaying xylophilous fungi for
phenol oxidase activity with the polymeric dye Poly-478. This study also explored a
relation between dye decolorization and ligninolytic activity and the presence of
phenol oxidase and peroxidases. Yesilada ( 1995 ) reported decolorization of crystal
violet by Coriolus versicolour and Funalia trogii. Wilkolazka et al. ( 2002 ) have
studied the potential of 115 strains of fungi to decolorize two structurally different
dyes (azo dye and anthraquinonic dye) and observed that the fungi, which have a
great ability to degrade the azo and anthraquinonic dyes, are mainly white-rot fungi
as listed in Table 1 .
Some brown-rot fungi were also described by same authors for decolorization of
some anthraquinonic and azo dyes i.e. Coprinus micaceus, Fomtopsis pinicola, and
Gloeophyllum odoratum. Similarly, seven different fungi were isolated from the dye
ef avus, Aspergillus

fumigatus, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum
and Mucor sp. which were responsible for the degradation of a wide range of textile
dyes (Saranraj et al. 2010 ). Machado et al. ( 2006 ) showed the potential of fungi
Trametes villosa and Pycnoporus sanguineus to decolorize reactive textile dyes
used for cotton manufacturing in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil and found
decolorization of 28 tested dyes by the fungus T. villosa and decolorization of 9
dyes by the fungus P. sanguineus. Higher decolorization of the synthetic ef

uent sites and identi ed as, Aserpgillus niger, Aspergillus

uent
was also observed by mixed culture of these two fungi. The biodegradation of some

Table 1 Fungal strains mainly used for biodegradation of azo and anthraquinonic dyes
Fungi
Strains Abortiporus biennis, Bjerkandera fumosa, Cerrana unicolour, Clitocybula dusenii,

Dichomitus albiodoffuscus, Diplomitiporus crustulinus, Flammulina velutipes,
Gonoderma lucidum, G. applanatum, Heterobasidion annosum, Keuhneromyces
mutabilis, Lentinus edodes, Nematoloma frowardii, Panus tigrinus, Perenniporia
subacida, Phanerocheate chrysosporium, Phlebia radiate, Pholiota glutinosa,
Pleurotus pullmonarius, Pycnoporus coccineus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Tre-
metes sanguinea, T. versicolour, Agrocybe cylidracea, Coprinus micaceas, Fomit-
opsis pinicola, Geotrichum sp. Gloeophyllum odoratum, Pestalotia sp. Pholiota
glutanosa