Mycoremediation of Synthetic Dyes: An Insight into the Mechanism, Process Optimization and Reactor Design - Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters - page 3

Table 1 Application of various fungi in dye removal
Fungi Dye Mechanism Reference

Agaricus
bisporus

Reactive Red 2 Biosorption Akar and Divriklioglu

( 2010 )

Rhizopus
arrhizus

Yellow RL Biosorption Aksu and Balibek

( 2010 )

Bjerkandera
adusta

Acid Blue 62 Biodegradation Anastasi et al. ( 2010 )

A. lentulus Acid Navy Blue Biosorption and

Bioaccumulation

Kaushik and Malik
( 2010 )

Trametes trogii
T. Villosa
Coriolus
versicolor

Indigo carmine
Anthraquinone
Blue

Biodegradation Levin et al. ( 2010 )

Aspergillus
liculoides

Basic Orange Biosorption Tan et al. ( 2010 )

A. niger Reactive Black 5 Bioaccumulation Taskin and Erdal ( 2010 )

A. versicolor Remazol Blue Bioaccumulation Tastan et al. ( 2010 )

A. niger Direct Blue 199 Biosorption Xiong et al. ( 2010 )

A. ochraceus Methyl Orange Biodegradation Telke et al. ( 2010 )

Penicillium
oxalicum

Reactive Blue 21 Bioaccumulation Xin et al. ( 2010 )

Irpex lacteus Isolan Dark Blue

2SGL

Biodegradation Kalpana et al. (2010)

A. niger Orange G Biosorption Sivasamy and Sundara-

bal ( 2011 )

Trichoderma sp. Acid Brilliant

Red B

Bioaccumulation Xin et al. ( 2012a )

Magnusiomyces
ingens

Acid Red B Biodegradation Tan et al. ( 2014 )

independent process which involves the binding of solutes to the fungal biomass and
thus can occur in either living or dead biomass (Srinivasan and Viraraghavan 2010 ).
Biodegradation is an energy intensive and metabolically dependent process, where
the complex dye molecules are broken down into simpler molecules through the
action of certain enzymes. Bioaccumulation is also energy and metabolically
dependent process, where actively growing cells accumulate the pollutants inside
their cytoplasm (Chojnacka 2010 ).

2.1 Dye Biosorption

Left over spent fungal biomass, which is a by-product of industrial fermentations, is
a very good and cheap source to be used in extensive use for dye biosorption
(Fomina and Gadd 2014 ). Various functional groups, that are present on the fungal