Chemical Routes to Graphene-Based Flexible Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage - Low-cost Nanomaterials: Toward Greener and More Efficient Energy Applications - page 440

Table 2 Summarization of the LIB performances of graphene based electrodes mentioned in this
review chapter
Material form Reversible capacity

(mAh g -1 )

Cycling stability
(mAh g -1 /
Cycles)

Reference number

288 (50 mAh g -1 ) Graphene powder - Abouimrane et al. [ 52 ]

84 (50 mAh g -1 ) Graphene paper - Wang et al. [ 49 ],

Abouimrane et al. 52

214 (10 mAh g -1 )

454 (50 mAh g -1 ) Holey graphene paper - Zhao et al. [ 63 ]

178 (2,000)

864 (100 mAh g -1 ) Folded structured

graphene paper

568/100 Liu et al. [ 66 ]

169 (1,000 mAh g -1 )

760 (8 mAh g -1 )

SnO 2 /graphene
composite paper

No fading after
100 cycles

Wang et al. [ 69 ]

1,040 (50 mAh g -1 ) Si/graphene composite

film

977/30 786/300 Tao et al. [ 72 ]

581 (100 mAh g -1 )

graphene-MnO 2
nanotube thin films

495/40 Yu et al. [ 74 ]

531 (100 mAh g -1 ) MnO 2 nanowire-

graphene paper

546/50 Liu et al. [ 75 ]

161 (100 mAh g -1 ) LiFePO 4 -graphene

paper

159/50 Liu et al. [ 75 ]

forming a thin, light-weight, and flexible composite paper. Due to the reinforcing
effects coming from carbon nanofiber and graphene nanosheets, the specific surface
area, conductivity, and capacitance performance are significantly improved after
compositing. When tested as supercapacitor electrode in 6 M KOH aqueous elec-
trolyte at the scan rate of 100 mV s -1 , the composite paper exhibits a specific
capacitance of 197 F g -1 , 24 % higher than that of pure carbon nanofiber paper.
Although graphene itself can form paper like bulk forms without the assistant of
other substances, using commercialized flexible matrix such as cellulose and
carbon nanofiber paper to load graphene nanosheets is an effective way to further
reduce the cost of flexible electrodes. The composite papers can also reserve the
macro-porous texture of the cellulose or carbon nanofiber paper, which helps to
overcome the low porosity of graphene papers. Furthermore, the cellulose fibers in
the composite electrode can significantly absorb electrolyte and act as electrolyte
reservoirs to facilitate ion transport, which is of significant importance for the
application as electrochemical energy storage electrodes.

5 Conclusions and Outlook

The LIB and supercapacitor performances of graphene-based flexible electrodes
mentioned in this review chapter have been summarized in Tables 2 and 3 . From
which we can see specific capacities, specific capacitances, current densities, and