Indium Tin Oxide-Free Polymer Solar Cells: Toward Commercial Reality - Low-cost Nanomaterials: Toward Greener and More Efficient Energy Applications - page 215

Fig. 19 a An R2R processed highly flexible IOne PSC modules with an area [100 cm 2 where
front electrode is metal grid/PEDOT:PSS composite; b IV characteristic of the module shown in
a with different sizes depicting scalability of the structure. 2013 Elsevier. Adapted, with
permission from Ref. [ 120 ]
Fig. 20 A summary of
reported properties of TCO
alternatives. Solid lines are fit
according to some figure of
merit equations. The dotted
rectangle shows the target
region for transparent
conductive electrode
application. 2013 Nature
Publishing group. Reprinted,
with permission from Ref.
[ 123 ]
of a PSC module. Hence, finding an alternative is crucial for the successful
commercialization of PSCs.
While most of the alternatives presented in this review have the potential to
fulfill such requirements (comparative summary of TCE properties of all alter-
natives is shown in Fig. 20 ), several processing issues have impeded their progress
from laboratory to large-scale production. Particularly, nanomaterials including
CNTs, graphene, and metal nanowires have shown remarkable properties that even
surpass the benchmark that ITO has set.
With the rapid progress in processing of such nanomaterials being reported, it is
not too long before they are commercially utilized as transparent conductors for all