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Fig. 3
Schematic illustration of device geometry used in a PSCs
such as Ag or Au which is a higher work function metal than the front electrode.
Buffer layers provide charge selectively and also contribute to tuning the electric
field in the device. Poly(3,4-alkenedioxythiophenes):poly(styrenesulfonate)
(PEDOT:PSS) is the most commonly used hole transport layer in both structures.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is often used as electron selective buffer layer in inverted
structure while LiF is the most commonly employed as buffer layers in normal
devices. PEDOT:PSS also functions as a surface planarization on ITO or other
electrodes. Inverted structure is most popular when studying large-scale low-cost
processing of PSCs while normal structure is mostly used in the development of
PSCs, for example, in the evaluation of new polymers and other materials.
2.2 Mechanism of Current Generation in PSCs
The operational mechanism of a PSC that dictates the conversion of sunlight into
electricity involves four steps (Fig. 4 ):
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