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Peer pressure
Figure 3.2
Conceptual model.
They believe that neighboring jurisdictions can easily influence each other in pol-
icy experiments, as they tend to share similar political and socioeconomic back-
grounds and policy challenges (Figure 3.2). Consequentially, we may hypothesize
the following:
H10: Countries whose neighbors have higher levels of e-government have higher levels
of e-government.
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Data and Measurements
All data included are secondary data pulled from various sources. The observations
were made at the country level and the e-government score came from the 2010
UN e-government survey. Online services were used to measure the e-government
at the country level, which attempts to capture a country's performance in a single
internationally comparable value using a four-stage model of online service matu-
rity. This four-stage model consists of emerging information services, enhanced
information services, transactional services, and connected services (Department
of Economic and Social Affairs, 2010, p. 95). The sample size was 193.
Concerning the variable of education, expected education life was used to
measure the education level in a country. The expected education life reflects
the expected number of years of a student's schooling. The data were from the
Human Development Index of 2010, a study conducted by the UN Development
Programme, and the sample size was 173. In defining levels of economy, the gross
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