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communities, to provide an impression of the rapidly growing and dynamic open
data landscape from a European perspective. Recent developments in matching
activities in the public and academic sectors are highlighted in Section 13.3, just
before introducing the vision of a cross-domain open data ecosystem in Section
13.4. Finally, in Sections 13.5 and 13.6, respectively, we derive major lessons
learned—highlighting central consequences for the theory and practice of data
management—and indicate directions for future work.
13.2 A Gentle Review
In the following, we present a noncomprehensive review on initiatives, activities,
and projects relevant for the scope of the chapter. We organize the list into two cate-
gories: (a) projects related to PSI and (b) projects related to research data. In Section
13.3 we then explore initiatives that bridge the gap between both categories.
13.2.1 PSI Initiatives
In the legal context of the European Union (EU), PSI access and reuse are regulated
by two directives, having complementary purposes:
1. Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
17 November 2003 on the reuse of PSI, usually referred to as PSI Directive
(EU, 2003)
2. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14
March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the
European Community (INSPIRE) (EU, 2007)
The PSI Directive entered into force in December 2003 and focuses on the eco-
nomic aspects of reuse of information rather than citizens' access to information. A
revision to the PSI Directive entered into force recently, in June 2013 (EU, 2013),
and it was followed by a public consultation (EC, 2013a), to devise recommendations
and guidelines to assist Member States in implementing this directive consistently.
Moreover, in October 2013, the EC published a document (EC, 2013b) concerning the
EU implementation of the principles set out in the G8 Open Data Charter (G8, 2013)
and following the initial communication of the EU Open Data Policy (EC, 2011).
The PSI Directive provides the framework for a number of activities aiming at
promoting open data principles and cross-domain interoperability in the public sec-
tor. In particular, in December 2012, the EC published the EU Open Data Portal,*
which gives access to open data from EU institutions and bodies. Moreover, work
is under way for the creation of a pan-European Open Data Portal (EC, 2010;
*
http://open-data.europa.eu.
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