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by using Semantic Web technologies. They have published initiatives of data clouds
at the time SPCData was created. On the contrary, they aimed at the creation of
a comprehensive catalogue for national data instead of focusing on high-quality
data only, that is, 5-star data. Thus, Halb, Raimond, and Hausenblas (2008), Ding
et al. (2010), and Auer, Lehmann, and Hellmann (2009) are examples of works
that describe real initiatives of LOD in the e-government context. These systems
are devised to transform specific data sets (e.g., in Halb et al., 2008, the Eurostat
data set containing the statistical data about the European Union is discussed) in
LOD where interlinks between them are provided. In Goodwin, Dolbear, and Hart
(2008) and Auer et al. (2009), an approach similar to ours was applied to other
specific types of data, that is, geo data.
12.1.4 Structure of the Chapter
The rest of the chapter is structured as follows. Section 12.2 provides the background
on the LOD scenario. Section 12.3 presents the Italian e-government interoperabil-
ity Framework and IPA. Section 12.4 describes the work that has been carried out
and the methodology adopted to produce the Linked Open IPA. Section 12.5 intro-
duces the SPC open data portal and a set of public services built on the Linked Open
IPA, and finally, Section 12.6 concludes the chapter and highlights future works.
12.2 Background
Tim Berners-Lee introduced a new vision concerning the information available on
the web where a “web of links” among documents could be replaced with a proper
web knowledge base. This new web architecture depicts a linked information space
(web of data) where data are being enriched and inferred (web of meaning). These
two concepts of web of data and web of meaning are often referred to as Semantic
Web. In the Semantic Web, data are not considered merely as bytes, but rather they
are seen as knowledge because they provide their own semantics.
In the following, we discuss the main tools used within this scenario and the
assumptions that have affirmed the development of the so-called LOD initiative.
12.2.1 Resource Description Framework
The infrastructure to enable the semantic web as well as every other interoperable
infrastructure has been defined through a definition process of standard protocols
and rules. Errore: sorgente del riferimento non trovata shows those protocols that are
part of the so-called Semantic Web stack.
Among all the protocols depicted in Figure 12.1 we focus here on the Resource
Description Framework (RDF) data model (W3C Semantic Web, 2012). Introduced
in 1999, the RDF framework has been the first step realized in the context of
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