An Analysis of Failure in a Government-to-Government E-Government Context via the Updated Delone and McLean Model - Information and Communication Technologies in Public Administration - page 173

for the whole population, we ensured that the chosen municipalities are representa-
tive in size and geographical distribution. At Flemish level, the project leaders were
questioned face-to-face. Data collection was finished by February 2014. All inter-
views were transcribed and analyzed in NVivo.
To prevent being influenced by a theoretical lens, we explored the cases with
open neutral questions; for example, municipalities were asked how frequently the
IS was used. If they did not (often) use it, we asked why and if they employed
any alternatives. Nonusers were asked if they desired to get (back) on board.
Municipalities who used the system were questioned for what purpose and if they
kept it up-to-date. Future intention to use was registered too. Table 8.1 summa-
rizes the (intention to) use. Use of the RSD was totally voluntary, whereas use of
ECREMOS became voluntary only in 2014.
In 2013, 38 of the 130 questioned municipalities used the RSD. An improved
version of the database was launched in March 2013. The foresight of this improve-
ment encouraged 23 other municipalities to use the database. At the moment our
interviews were finished, 32 municipalities were still undetermined whether they
would start to use a renewed RSD. Their future use is coupled to long-term condi-
tions, for example, “if they find time” or “once they retire their successor probably
will use the RSD.”
In 2013, 114 of the 130 questioned municipalities used ECREMOS. An improved
version of the IS will be launched around September 2014. Of the questioned munici-
palities, 44 plan to use ECREMOS in 2014. If the Environmental Department can
convince the police and Flemish environmental inspection to use ECREMOS in
2014, 65 municipalities intend to use ECREMOS. At the moment our interviews
were finished, around 24 municipalities were still undetermined. Their future use is

table 8.1 (intention to) Use of RSD and eCReMoS

RSD ECREMOS

Municipal usage, 2013 38/130 114/130

Degree of
voluntariness

Voluntary Mandatory until December 2013 via a

cooperation agreement

Intention to use, 2014 Without police

and environmental
inspection

With police and
environmental
inspection

Use 63/130 44/130 65/130

Nonuse 35/130 67/130 41/130

Undetermined 32/130 19/130 24/130

Note: ECREMOS = Environmental Complaints Registration and Monitoring
System; RSD = Road Sign Database.