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innovation supports economic growth and competition because it enhances the
added value of the offered services and/or products. This study results in impulses
that empower national innovation:
1. A strong technological and scientific base
2. Investments (both private and public) on innovation
3. Close interconnection between enterprises and research centers
4. A high-level education system
5. Political transparency
6. The establishment of an ecosystem that encourages entrepreneurship and
risk-taking
These impulses show the contribution of government acts in innovation
because almost all of the previously mentioned drivers can be supported or hin-
dered by political decisions, whereas transparency aligns to the e-government top
priorities.
Moreover, government strategic thinking influences innovation. Anthopoulos
and Siozos (forthcoming) used data from European strategic planning and com-
pared Lisbon and Horizon 2020 strategies to justify whether governments realized
these potentials. This study concluded that governments who invest more on edu-
cation and innovation create the premises that can deal with fiscal crisis, whereas
countries capitalize innovation in the international competition.
6.2.2 Innovation Management
Innovation management can be seen as the process of creating and implementing
a business, with the goal of capitalizing an innovation (Fagerberg, 2004; Kamarck,
2003), while various techniques can be found that support innovation manage-
ment. For the purposes of this chapter, emphasis is given to process innovation
management models because the authors aimed to compare the requirements that
each process step places for the innovative idea and compare these requirements
with the respective ones that seem to be followed in e-government deployment.
Process models either recognize different stages in the innovation life cycle or
ignore these stages in the early beginning (fuzzy front end) and emphasize on a proj-
ect plan later (when the estimated product has been specified: new product devel-
opment). The stage gate process defines six phases (initial success, second screen,
business case decision, post-development, pre-commercialization, and review) and
applies various filters in the beginning of each for the manager to decide whether
the process should proceed. On the other hand, the interdisciplinary view process
consists of five phases (concept development, system-level design, detail design,
testing and refinement, and production ramp-up), where various alternative sci-
ences collaborate in each step to realize the innovation's potentials.
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