Review of International Practices - Beach Renourishment - page 127

in 2009 and 2010, the latter two in response to a significant storm event in 2007.
Each phase in 2009 and 2010 contributed approximately 250,000 m 3 of sediment
to the beaches. Offshore sediment was dredged and pumped ashore by a 900 mm
diameter pipe 1.4 km long. An offshore borrow site that had previously been used
to reclaim berths within the harbour was used (Corbella and Stretch 2012 ).
In Egypt, sand brought from the desert near Cairo has been used to renourish
beaches at Alexandria (Fanos et al. 1995 ), and beaches have been renourished
on other African coasts as at Lagos in Nigeria (Ibe et al. 1991 ) and Keta Lagoon,
Ghana (Nairn et al. 1998 ). In The Gambia erosion of Kololi Beach, a large tour-
ist resort, led to renourishment with 1 million m 3 of sand (Royal HaskoningDHV
2000 , 2007 ).
7.6 Asia
In many Asian nations activities such as destruction of mangroves for prawn cul-
ture have caused or worsened erosion, while artificial structures have diminished
the extent of natural coastline. In south-east Asia several beaches have been ren-
ourished in Malaysia, Singapore, China and Japan. In Japan coastal erosion has
been countered by building extensive sea walls and dumping tetrapods, because
the government required that the coastline be stabilised by hard structures as a
'permanent' solution (Nakayama et al. 1982 ). The trend is now towards soft engi-
neering methods, with the average annual beach renourishment rate in Japan now
over 5 million m 3 (Hanson et al. 2002 ). Beaches have been created on the artifi-
cial coastline at the head of Tokyo Bay and renourished in seaside resorts as at
Niigaata, and on the Toban coast facing the Seto Inland Sea (Kadomatsu et al.
1991 ).
In Tokyo Bay beaches were a major recreational area until the late 1950s, then
land reclamation and the spread of port and industrial facilities overran them to
produce a coastline dominated by concrete sea walls. Beach renourishment in
front of these walls began in the 1970s, using sand dredged from the bay floor, and
by 1990 nine artificial beaches with a total length of 13 km had been formed as
part of a series of intensively used coastal recreation parks (Koike 1990 ) (Fig. 7.2 ).
China has an 18,000 km long coastline, and the traditional method of respond-
ing to coastal erosion has been to construct sea walls. In many locations the natu-
ral coastline has been replaced by developed and reclaimed land. Since the late
1970s there has been increased sand quarrying from beaches to provide sand for
urban development. The construction of large dams for water supply, flood protec-
tion and energy generation has led to the depletion of beaches and widespread ero-
sion along the coast of China (Kuang et al. 2011 ).
The first major beach nourishment project was completed in 1994 at Dalian
City on Xinghai Bay. There have since been more than 16 renourishment projects,
as at Beidaihe, northeast of the Dai River (Sect. 4.7 , p. 92), and more are planned
for coastal cities (Cai et al. 2010 ). In Hong Kong the beach in Repulse Bay was