Review of International Practices - Beach Renourishment - page 126

of sand, pumped from offshore (Teixeira et al. 1998 ). Further renourishment was
performed in 2006 (Teixeira 2009 ; Proenca et al. 2011 ). Other examples of renour-
ishment projects in Portugal include those on the Algarve coast at Alvor, Cabanas
Island and Cacela Peninsula (Dias et al. 2003 ); and in low-energy pocket and estua-
rine beaches on the west coast such as on the Tr￳ia Peninsula (Silveira et al. 2011 ).
7.4 United Kingdom
Beach renourishment has been used in the United Kingdom since the 1950s as
one of a number of methods for managing coastal defence (flooding and erosion).
Coastal defence is primarily organised through management plans. Funding for
most coastal defence projects, including beach renourishment, comes from the
central government, quasi-governmental agencies and local councils. In some
cases, and increasingly, financial contributions are sought by other stakeholders.
Beach renourishment is only one of a number of available responses to coastal
problems in the United Kingdom, and there is usually an appraisal of possible solu-
tions against a range of technical, economic, environmental and legislative criteria.
Funding is often provided where the benefits of renourishment significantly out-
weigh the estimated costs. Other benefits such as improved opportunities for rec-
reation and aesthetic values may influence the selection of an appropriate coastal
defence scheme (Hanson et al. 2002 ). An example of a major beach renourishment
scheme is that on the Lincolnshire coast between Skegness and Mablethorpe (Sect.
4.2.7 , p. 49). In addition to the existing beach renourishment methods applied in
the United Kingdom, the feasibility of large scale one-off renourishments, such as
the 'sand engine' approach (Sect. 4.3.2 , p. 62) is also been explored.
The success of beach renourishment projects in the United Kingdom has led
to an increasing need for sources of sand and gravel, which at present largely
come from the continental shelf. As of 2002 annual renourishment volumes in the
United Kingdom were around 4 million m 3 . In 1996 it was estimated that the need
for beach renourishment sediment between 1995 and 2015 would be of the order
of 209 million m 3 (CIRIA 1996 ), however this figure has proved to be an overes-
timate. More recent work on behalf of the Crown Estate has produced an estimate
of the order of 40-80 million m 3 to the year 2033 (Royal HaskoningDHV 2013 ).
7.5 Africa
An early example of beach renourishment in Africa was at the port of Durban,
South Africa in 1953. Durban's history of beach protection including beach
renourishment has largely revolved around efforts to effectively operate a port.
Beach renourishment projects here have typically been in response to storm
events. For example, Vetch's and Addington Beach was renourished in 1982, then