Review of International Practices - Beach Renourishment - page 124

Priestley 2005 ), and at the Bay of Plenty (Spiers and Healy 2005 ). These have
been undertaken in an ad hoc manner to address issues such as reduced amenity
and the undermining of seawalls. Sources of renourishment material are often off-
shore or dredged spoil from harbours or inlets.
7.3 Mainland Europe
Beach renourishment is practiced widely throughout mainland Europe, but is par-
ticularly common in the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy
and France. Reviews of European beach renourishment have been undertaken
by Hamm et al. ( 2002 ) and Hanson et al. ( 2002 ). Early European renourishment
projects were in the 1950s in Portugal, United Kingdom (discussed later) and
Germany, followed by France in the early 1960s, Belgium and Italy in the late
1960s, the Netherlands and Denmark in the early 1970s and Spain in the 1980s.
Notable beach renourishment projects have included those on the islands of
Sylt (Sect. 4.3.2 , p. 62) and Nordeney (Sect. 4.4.2 , p. 80) in Germany (Kunz 1990 ;
Kelletat 1992 ; Hamm et al. 2002 ), near Ostend (Sect. 4.3.1 , p. 56) in Belgium
(Kerckaert et al. 1986 ), at Brest (Hall￩gouet and Guilcher 1990 ), at Saintes-
Maries-de-la-Mer and Prado, near Marseille (Sect. 6.1.1 , p. 109) in France (Rouch
and Bellessort 1990 ), at Lonstrup in Denmark (Laustrup and Madsen 1994 ), at
Lido di Jesolo near Venice (Sect. 4.2.4 , p. 47) (Zunica 1990 ), Monte Circeo (Sect.
4.3.1 , p. 59) and Marina di Cecina (Sect. 4.3.10 , p. 78) in Italy (Ciprani et al.
1992 ; Evangelista et al. 1992 ) and at Rio San Pedro in Spain (Herrera et al. 2010 ).
Beach renourishment projects in countries applying the technique on a smaller
scale include at Praia da Rocha (Sect. 4.3.1 , p. 60) in Portugal (Psuty and Moreira
1990 ; Psuty et al. 1992 ), in Greece at Theologos on Rhodes, Sweden (Hanson et al.
2002 ), on the Polish Baltic coast (Rotnicki 1994 ), at Rosslare Strand and Donabate
Beach in Ireland (Hanson et al. 2002 ), at St. George's Beach (Sect. 4.2.8 , p. 51,
Sect. 4.4.3 , p. 82, Sect. 4.7 , p. 92) in Malta (Firman et al. 2011 ), at Pirita Beach in
Tallinn Bay, Estonia (Soomere and Kask 2006 ), at Odessa in the Ukraine (Shuisky
1994 ) and on the coast of Georgia (Zenkovich and Schwartz 1987 ).
The magnitude of renourishment and typical rates and volumes differ markedly
between countries. Annual beach renourishment volumes in Europe are approx-
imately 28 million m 3 (Hamm et al. 2002 ). Spain and the Netherlands continue
to undertake the greatest number of beach renourishment projects in Europe. In
Spain, although beach renourishment has only been widely practiced since 1983,
there have been over 400 renourishment sites, mainly along the Mediterranean
coast, while in the Netherlands over 200 renourishment projects have been under-
taken since the early 1970s (Hanson et al. 2002 ). Renourishment projects in Spain,
Italy and France tend to consist of smaller volumes spread over a greater number
of sites, whilst in other countries such as Denmark and the Netherlands for exam-
ple volume per site is much greater, typically over a million m 3 .
Strategies and methods used in beach renourishment in Europe also dif-