Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
List of Abbreviations
CVS
Computer vision systems
LED
Light-emitting diode
CT
Color temperature
CCT
Correlated color temperature
CCD
Charge coupled device
CMOS
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
CIE
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage
International Commission on Illumination
CRI
Color rendering index
SPD
Spectral power distribution
RGB
Red, green, blue color system
HSL
Hue, saturation, lightness color system
HSI
Hue, saturation, intensity color system
HSB
Hue, saturation, brightness color system
HSV
Hue, saturation, value color system
4.1 Introduction
Visual inspection, despite being a technique that dates from centuries ago, is still a
widely used nondestructive test that is able to assess the quality conditions of
materials due to its ease of performing, inexpensiveness and generally requirement
of no special equipment. This technique is considered a primary method in quality
control programs needing an observer with good vision and technical experience in
the recognition of defects, as well as good lighting conditions.
With the development of computer software, digital cameras, computers with
greater resources and interfaces, together with a decrease in prices, and better
access to new technologies, the field of Computer Vision has emerged as a tool for
developing innovative methods of nondestructive testing with applications in the
most diverse areas. The use of automated inspections in industries is becoming an
increasingly attractive solution, especially for compliance analysis, defects search,
and final analysis of product quality. Unlike the problems presented for visual
inspections performed by humans, these types of systems can provide repeatable
measurements without any kind of physical contact, eliminating aspects such as
subjectivity, fatigue, and cost associated with human inspection as well as
increasing how fast each product is inspected. These comprise many reasons for
the use of such new methods of measurement, which may involve not only
dimensional aspects, but also appearance characteristics, such as in food, textiles,
cosmetics, paints, and automotive, encompassing all industrial sectors.
The use of automated inspections in industries has become an attractive solu-
tion in the final analysis of product quality, which considers the characteristics of
color, texture, and shape, which are the usual criteria used by consumers when
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