Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.10  Cost of ethanol in Germany, a comparison between US and EU
Germany
Cost
difference
Plant capacity
50 mil-
lion l
200 million l
53 million l
Raw material
Wheat
Beet
Wheat
Beet
Corn
a
b
c
d
e
Case a
minus
case e
Feed stock cost
$ 0.28
$ 0.35
$ 0.28 $ 0.35
$ 0.21
$ 0.07
Co-product credit
− $ 0.07 − $ 0.07 − $ 0.07 − $ 0.07 − $ 0.07 $ 0.00
Net feedstock cost
$ 0.21
$ 0.28
$ 0.21 $ 0.28
$ 0.14
$ 0.07
Labour cost
$ 0.04
$ 0.04
$ 0.01 $ 0.01
$ 0.03
$ 0.01
Other operating and energy cost
$ 0.20
$ 0.18
$ 0.20 $ 0.17
$ 0.11
$ 0.09
Capital cost recovery (net Invest-
ment cost)
$ 0.10
$ 0.10
$ 0.06 $ 0.06
$ 0.04
$ 0.06
Total pre gasoline equivalent
$ 0.55
$ 0.059 $ 0.48 $ 0.52
$ 0.32
$ 0.23
Total per gasoline equivalent liter
$ 0.81
$ 0.088 $ 0.71 $ 0.77
$ 0.48
$ 0.34
6.9.1
Negative Impacts
One perspective is that production of biofuels will cause increase in emission of
greenhouse gases, deforestation especially in the tropical areas as well as food inse-
curity and may cause disputes among small scale producers and farmers.
6.9.2
Positive Impacts
The other one which is in support of biofuels states that it can develop new em-
ployment opportunities if crops are grown on agricultural land, it will not threaten
forests and is the clean burning alternative of fossil fuels ( Keyzer et al. 2008 ).
7 Challenges Faced in Determining Direct Relation
of Biofuels to Deforestation
Deforestation takes place due to a number of reasons and also not very reliable and
sufficient data is available on world deforestation (Gamett 2009 ).
7.1
Deforestation Definition by UNFCCC
There is well established or accepted definition for the term deforestation as it
does not depend on only one or two factors. Deforestation as defined by the United
 
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