Travel Reference
In-Depth Information
The collapse of Classic Maya civilization begins, and the Postclassic era starts. A century-long ex-
odus from Tikal commences, after which the city will never be inhabited again.
c 13th century
Ruthlessly organized Toltec-Maya migrants from southeast Mexico establish kingdoms in Guatem-
ala. Highlands Maya organize into competing kingdoms, establishing language and cultural group-
ings that survive today.
1523
Spaniard Pedro de Alvarado begins the conquest of Guatemala. Alvarado quickly conquers much of
the country, although parts of the highlands hold out for years and El Petén is not subdued for anoth-
er 170 years.
1527
Alvarado establishes his capital at Santiago de los Caballeros (modern Ciudad Vieja, near Antigua).
When he dies in Mexico, 14 years later, his wife decrees the entire city be painted black.
1542
Spain enacts the New Laws, officially banning forced labor in its colonies. Catholic influence be-
comes more institutionalized and traditional Maya social structures are transformed.
1609-1821
The Captaincy General of Guatemala comprises what are now Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El
Salvador, Guatemala and the Mexican state of Chiapas, with its capital at Antigua, then Guatemala
City.
1697
The Spanish conquest of Guatemala is completed as the island of Tayasal (present-day Flores) -
home of the Itza, the last remaining unconquered tribe - is defeated.
1773
Antigua, a jewel in the colonial crown, complete with a university, printing press, schools, hospitals
and churches, is destroyed by an earthquake. The new capital is founded at present-day Guatemala
City.
1823-40
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica form the United Provinces of Central
America. Liberal reforms are enacted, and vehemently opposed by conservative groups and the Cath-
olic Church.
