Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
in policy formulation and monitoring to as great an extent as possible is
desirable. When this is not possible, individuals who lead the monitoring
process must be willing and able to communicate efectively with policy-
makers and key stakeholders to ensure that the policy formulation, moni-
toring, and reformulation cycle is as cohesive as possible.
he importance of policy reformulation was evident in many of the
successful initiatives documented in the case studies. In Germany and
Denmark, policymakers periodically adjusted subsidies as the wind power
market developed in order to control the pace of development. In the
United States and China, policymakers in regional jurisdictions cobbled
together ad hoc policies to complement central government support and
induce wind power capacity development. Danish policymakers created
formal structures to improve communication between key stakehold-
ers—sharing knowledge, collaborating in R&D, and cooperating in stra-
tegic development as new challenges emerged. Good examples of highly
responsive reformulation of policy are the Danish wind turbine replace-
ment schemes that were designed speciically to enhance installed capac-
ity without inlaming community concerns over the proliferation of wind
parks. Similarly, in Germany, the strategic shift to ofshore wind power
development is exemplary of efective STEP environmental monitoring
and responsive policy reformulation designed to avert public dissonance
with wind power.
In summary, wind power policy can be considered to be like a fencing
match. Policies are formulated and implementation typically commences
in a clearly directed manner. Policy implementers continue advancing the
program until they face resistance or emergent problems. When this hap-
pens, responsive policymakers adopt defensive strategies aimed at efec-
tively parrying (eliminating) resistance or emergent problems. Once the
challenges are parried, the emphasis then turns back to proactive policy
designed to once again thrust the program forward to achieve positive
results. he thrust-and-parry dynamic is an essential element of efective
policymaking in complex adaptive systems and has proven to be instru-
mental to success in wind power policy in Denmark, Germany, and China.
Establishing an open and lexible environment requires the establishment
of formal structures and procedures to link monitoring to policy refor-
mulation. It also demands institutional lexibility to permit policy to be
adjusted in a timely manner to ensure that emergent problems do not
reach crisis stages before being addressed. Finally, it requires the employ-
ment of individuals who are comfortable with change and who understand
the importance of communicating broadly in order to close the cycle of
policy formulation, monitoring, and reformulation.
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