Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER 11
Applied Policymaking
Knowledge has to be improved, challenged, and increased constantly, or it vanishes.
—Peter Drucker
11.1 POLICY FORMULATION
Chapter  10 summarized nine social factors, seven technological factors,
seven economic factors, and nine political factors that have inluenced the
fortunes of wind power development in the six case study nations covered
in this topic. he premise underpinning the previous chapter is that success-
ful wind power development policy depends on strategic management of
forces of change within four contextual areas depicted in Figure 11.1.
here are three basic tenets underpinning this model. First, the environ-
ment in which wind power policy is formulated and implemented can be
better understood by comprehensive analysis of conditions within four con-
textual areas: the sociocultural context, the economic context, the techno-
logical context, and the political context. Within each of these four areas
there are dominant forces (variables) that have proven to be inluential in
hindering or helping wind power development. he trouble is that for each
nation, the relative importance of each inluential variable difers because
energy policy in each nation is inluenced by a unique conlation of socio-
cultural, technological, economic, and political conditions. 1 For example, a
high degree of information asymmetry is evident in both Japan and China.
Citizens of both nations lack adequate information about the pros and cons
of energy technologies to make informed decisions. In Japan, informa-
tion asymmetry helps explain why there is so little support for wind power
and why the government has been able to continue its advocacy of nuclear
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