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characteristic of the weathering of cryosols. Cryptogamic crusts are also important in
certain aridic, cold, or post-fi re environments. In summarizing the cryopedological litera-
ture, B. van Vliet-Lanoƫ et al. (2004, p. 386) conclude that the distinct features of cryosols
refl ect (i) the dominance of mechanical processes over chemical or biological activity, and
(ii) the presence of two-sided freezing, the growth of segregated ice lenses, and the associ-
ated displacement of material.
ADVANCED READING
Kimble, J. M. (2004). Section 3. Properties and processes of cryosols. In: Cryosols. Permafrost-
Affected Soils . Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 341-458.
Konishchev, V. N., Rogov, V. V. (1993). Investigations of cryogenic weathering in Europe and
Northern Asia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , 4 , 49-64.
Williams, P. J., Smith, M. W. (1989). The Frozen Earth. Fundamentals of Geocryology . Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-26, 83-121.
Yer s hov, E . D. (19 9 0 ) . General Geocryology . English translation by P. J. Williams, (1998), Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 93-144.
DISCUSSION TOPICS
1. How does ice segregation and frost heaving of the ground take place?
2. Compare the volumetric expansion and segregation ice models of frost weathering.
3. What processes constitutes cryogenic weathering?
4. How effective is freeze-thaw in promoting rock disintegration?
5. What processes make cryosols different to other soil types?
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