Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 11.1.
Generalized sequence of Late-glacial (Wisconsinan/Devensian) and Post-glacial (Flandrian/Holocene) vegetation successions in the
British Isles, New England, and southern Québec-St Lawrence Lowlands. Shaded area indicate the probable time periods when either discontinuous
permafrost or deep seasonal frost was present.
British Isles (West, 1977)
New England
Southwest Québec
(Peteet et al., 1994)
(Richard, 1994)
Stage
Age
Period
Pollen zone
General characteristics of
(BP)
Vegetation (dominants)
North American mixed forest (boreal-broadleaf)
Postglacial
Sub-Atlantic
VIII-modern
Afforestation
(Holocene)
VIII
Alder, oak, birch, beech, ash
VIIb
Alder, oak, lime-deforestation
Elm decline
5 500
Atlantic
VI
Alder, oak, elm, lime
6 500
Boreal
VI
Hazel, pine
Mixed white pine oak forest
(a) Oak, elm, lime
(b) Oak, elm
White pine forest
(c) Hazel, elm
9 000
Maple; pine
V
Hazel, pine, birch
10 000
Pre-Boreal
IV
Birch, pine
Boreal forest
?
Late Glacial
Younger
III
Shrub tundra (dwarf birch)
Birch, pine
(Wisconsinan)
Dryas
Allerod
II
Birch with shrubs: tundra
Woodland (Picea, Betula)
Poplar spruce
Champlain
Sea
11 000
Dwarf birch:
Older Dryas
Ic
Shrub tundra/tundra
Tundra
Herb tundra
Bolling
Ib
12 000
Early Dryas
Ia
ICE
