Elements of Difficulty Level in Mathematics* - Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing - page 88

These types can show “lack of understanding”.
We reclassify these 16 types through the position of incorrect reason in table 2.

Table 2 classification incorrect reason about lack of understanding

lack of understanding Items

1 problem statement How to use “and”, “or” and “so”

How to use “all” and “some”
Understanding of the meaning of the problem statement and
description

2 Number & Symbol Special treatment on 0 and 1

The misunderstanding about the meaning of the symbols

3 Formula The realization that the shape of the representation may be

different if it is the same as the mathematical
Negative X negative=positive
The order of action and movement
Reverse of action and movement
Examination of the validity of the expression deformation and
application of official
Gap in understanding surface caused by the change of the unit
and expansion of the subject to be handled

4 Concept Examination of the validity of the expression deformation and

application of official
Error in the object to be compared with respect to the ratio
Gap in understanding surface caused by the change of the unit
and expansion of the subject to be handled
Lack of graphical feeling
Learning content needed Intuitive explanation
Therefore, lack of understanding has 4 types as with Table2.

4.2 Other Reasons

We summarize the case similar cases of incorrect reasons collected by this survey.
Other reasons of “lack of understanding” occur 1156. These reasons have 3 types
and 6 elements; we will show Table 3.

4.3 Elements of Difficulty Level

In Mathematics, all result can mark “correct” or “incorrect”. Of course, it may be
correct partly. But, no result can mark neither “correct” nor “incorrect”. Therefore,
we can call incorrect reason “Elements of difficulty level”.
We formulate 10 elements as with Table 4 using Table 2 and 3.