Applications and Perspectives of Bioelectronic Nose - Bioelectronic Nose: Integration of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology - page 259

Table 14.2 Key volatile compounds from patients' breath with diseases
Diseases Body Aromatic and volatile compounds References

Alcohol-induced hepatic
injury

Breath Ethane, pentane (volatile alkanes) [ 8 ]

Asthma Breath Hydrogen peroxide, nitrotyrosine,

nitric oxide, leukotrienes

[ 9 - 11 ]

Breast cancer Breath 2-Propanol, heptanal, 2,3-dihydro-

1-phenyl-4, 1-phenyl-ethanone

[ 12 ]

Cystic fibrosis Breath Nitric oxide, leukotriene B(4),

8-isoprostane, interleukin-8

[ 13 - 15 ]

Diabetes mellitus Breath Acetone, other ketones [ 16 ]

Liver cancer Blood Hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, octane [ 17 ]

Lung cancer Breath Heptanal, nitric oxide [ 18 , 19 ]

Pneumonia Breath Putrid [ 20 ]

Sickle cell disease Breath Carbon monoxide [ 21 ]

Sleep apnea Breath 8-isoprostane [ 22 ]

Trench mouth Breath Halitosis [ 23 ]

Trimethylaminuria Breath Trimethylamine [ 20 ]

Uremia and kidney failure Breath Dimethylamine, trimethylamine [ 24 ]

Schizophrenia Alveolar, sweat Pentane, carbon disulfide, mildy

acetic

[ 25 - 27 ]

Rheumatoid arthritis Alveolar Pentane [ 28 ]

Hepatic encephalopathy Blood 3-methylbuthanol [ 29 ]

Congestive heart failure Heart Dimethyl sulfide [ 30 ]

Yellow fever Skin Butcher's shop [ 23 , 31 ]

Tuberculosis lymphadenitis Skin Stale beer [ 20 ]

Pseudomonas infection Skin, sweat Grape [ 20 ]

Isovaleric acidemia Skin, sweat Sweaty feet, cheesy [ 20 , 23 , 32 ]

Diphtheria Sweat Sweet [ 20 , 23 , 31 ]

Maple syrup urine disease Sweat Maple syrup, burnt sugar [ 20 , 31 ]

Rubella Sweat Freshly plucked feathers [ 20 ]

Hyperhydrosis Whole body Unpleasant body odor [ 31 ]

Urinary tract infection Urine Isovaleric acid, alkanes [ 33 ]

Metabolic disorders Urine Isovaleric acid [ 34 ]

Bladder Infection Urine Ammonia [ 20 ]

Tubular necrosis (acute) Urine Stale water [ 35 ]

Many studies using conventional sensing techniques have tried to analyze the
breath in order to diagnose various diseases, such as a cancer, diabetes, liver failure,
bacterial infection, etc. The correlation between the exhaled breath and diseases
has been continuously suggested, since the first breath test as a medical assessment
was tried in the eighteenth century [ 37 ]. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy
(GC-MS) was developed for the separation and identification of volatile odor com-
pounds in the 1960s, and breath test detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from exhaled breath was used in the 1970s [ 38 ]. From the exhaled breath, many