Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
the conservation status of wild fauna and fl ora; when non-native waterbird spe-
cies have already been introduced, appropriate measures must be taken to prevent
them from becoming a potential threat to indigenous species.
The UNCLOS (New York, 1982) requires parties to take all measures necessary to
prevent, reduce, and control pollution of the marine environment resulting from
the intentional or accidental introduction of species, alien or new, to a particular
part of the marine environment which may cause signifi cant and harmful changes
thereto (Art. 196). (For more details, see Shine
et al
. 2005.)
Through the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the voluntary Code
of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries was adopted in 1995. The Code provides
guidelines for the responsible introduction, production, and management of fi sh
species under managed conditions. It urges States to adopt measures to prevent or
minimize harmful effects of introducing non-native species or genetically altered
stocks used for aquaculture. (For more details see Shine
et al
.2005; Hewitt
et al
.
2006.)
conservation of biological diversity
the Sea (ICES) Code of Practice
The ICES, through its working group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine
Organisms (and in cooperation with other ICES working groups and with the
European Inland Fisheries Advisory Committee of FAO), has addressed IAS
through a series of successive Codes, representing a risk management framework.
This is a response to three specifi c challenges relating to the global translocation of
species to new regions:
1)
The ecological and environmental impacts of introduced and transferred
species, especially those that may escape the confi nes of cultivation and
become established in the receiving environment.
The potential genetic impact of introduced and transferred species, relative
2)
to the mixing of farmed and wild stocks (as well as to the release of genetically
modifi ed organisms).
The inadvertent coincidental movement of harmful organisms associated
3)
with the target (host) species.
(ICES 2005).
h e most up-to-date version of the ICES Code of Practice sets forth recom-
mended procedures and practices to diminish the risks of detrimental eff ects from
