Soft Matter Composites Interfacing with Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues - Bioinspired Approaches for Human-Centric Technologies - page 65

bloodstream and diffuse throughout all the central and peripheral body districts,
causing extensive toxicity to different organs (Sue et al. 2001 ; Wadhera and Fung
2005 ; Takenaka et al. 2001 ). Several data indicate that AgNPs may be the cause of
DNA damage and apoptosis in fibroblasts and liver cells and lead to cell death and
oxidative stress in human skin carcinoma and fibrosarcoma cells (Arora et al. 2008 ,
2012 ). Also for eukaryotic cell lines, some molecular mechanisms of AgNPs action
have been proposed and include increased LDH outflow, misregulation of
GSH-related detoxification, reduced mitochondrial function, apoptosis, DNA frag-
mentation, ROS generation, and metallothionein sequestration (Arora et al. 2008 ;
Hussain et al. 2005 , 2006 ; Braydich-Stolle et al. 2005 ; Hsin et al. 2008 ; Ahamed
et al. 2008 ; Park et al. 2010 ). It should be mentioned, as in the case of the low
reproducibility of AgNPs bactericidal assays, that the data on eukaryotic toxicity
are not conclusive, due to similar limitations of the lack of NP reference materials
and standardized protocols for the tests, which hindered to achieve a correct risk
assessment of AgNPs.
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