Environmental Engineering Reference
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400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (
0
C)
FIGURE 11.3
Relationship of total dissolved solids to runoff in rivers in the United States
(redrawn from H. D. Holland,
The Chemistry of Atmosphere and Oceans
. Copyright © 1978
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
100
Al
3+
90
Cl
-
Mn
2+
80
NO
3
-
70
HCO
3
-
Fe
2+
60
Na
+
50
Mg
2+
Ca
2+
40
30
20
K
+
SiO
2
10
0
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Concentration (mg L
-1
)
FIGURE 11.4
Cumulative curves showing the frequency distribution of various ions in wa-
ter running off of land. Each line shows the percentage of water samples with less than the
corresponding concentration (redrawn from Davis and De Weist, 1966).
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