Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.6
Ratios of Selected Gas and Particulate-Phase Components in
SS and MS Tobacco Smoke
Vapor phase
SS/MS ratios
Particulate phase
SS/MS ratios
Carbon monoxide
2.5-4.7
Particulate matter
1.3-1.9
Carbon dioxide
8-11
Nicotine
2.6-3.3
Benzene
a
10
Phenol
1.6-3.0
Acrolein
8-15
2-Naphthylamine
a
30
Hydrogen cyanide
0.1-0.25
Benzo-
α
-anthracene
a
2.0-4.0
Nitrogen oxides
4-10
Benzo-
α
-pyrene
a
2.5-3.5
Hydrazine
a
3
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
a
1.2
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
a
20-100
Cadmium
7.2
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
6-30
Nickel
a
13-30
a
Animal, suspected, or human carcinogen.
Source:
From U.S. Surgeon General,
The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking
. DHHS Pub.
No. (PHS) 87-8398, Washington, D.C. 1986.
and volatilization of substances from the particulate phase. Such volatiliza-
tion reduces the mass median diameter of smoke particles and may, as a
consequence, increase their potential for pulmonary deposition in both non-
smokers and smokers.
Occupant exposures to components of ETS depend on several factors.
These include the type and number of cigarettes consumed per unit time,
the volume of building space available for dilution, building ventilation rate,
and proximity to smokers. Highest exposure concentrations would be
expected for those closest to smokers in small, poorly ventilated spaces
where a high rate of smoking is occurring (this is particularly the case in
some residences). The effect of tobacco smoke on levels of several contami-
nants generated in relatively high-smoking-density indoor environments has
may be of considerable consequence) have not been reported. However, high
respirable particle (RSP) concentrations in indoor environments (as com-
pared to those outdoors) have been suggested to be due to tobacco smoking,
believed to be the single most important contributor to RSP levels in resi-
dences and other buildings.
B.
Candles and incense
Candles have been used as a source of illumination in buildings for thou-
sands of years. Burning candles and incense has also been, and continues to
be, used as a part of religious worship and ritual. Soot-stained frescoes and
other paintings in European churches are a testament to building contami-
nation associated with the long-term use of candles.
Burning candles and incense for aesthetic reasons in residences has
become increasingly popular. Several recent studies have attempted to char-
acterize emissions from candles relative to potential health concerns and
building soiling potential. Burning candles can produce significant quantities
