Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
in River Avon (Warwickshire, UK); <97
μ
g L
−
1
in streams and rivers (USA);
<65
μ
g L
−
1
in La Trobe River Streams (Victoria, Australia); <44.6
μ
g L
−
1
in
Ozark Streams (Missouri, USA); <27
μ
g L
−
1
in Rideau River (Ontario, Canada);
<18.0
μ
g L
−
1
in sStreams and rivers (Illinois, USA); <17
μ
g L
−
1
in Chalk stream
(UK); and 0.0-12.7
μ
g L
−
1
in other studied systems (Table
1
).
Chl
a
mostly results from in-channel production rather than from tributary or out-
side inputs. Chl
a
concentrations in the Pearl River are high only during summer low-
flow periods and are often controlled by temperature and by CDOM concentration
(Duan and Bianchi
2006
). Lower phytoplankton biomass (dominated by chlorophytes)
in the Pearl River is likely linked with intense shading by CDOM and lower avail-
ability of nutrient inputs (Duan and Bianchi
2006
). High concentrations of Chl
a
(0.4-
170
μ
g L
−
1
) are strongly correlated with high contents of phosphorus (5-1,030
μ
g
L
−
1
) in temperate streams (van Nieuwenhuyse and Jones
1996
). Chl
a
concentra-
tions in the lower Mississippi River are high in summer low-flow periods and also
during interims of winter and spring. They are not coupled with physical variables
or nutrients, likely due to a combination of in situ production and inputs from reser-
voirs, navigation locks and oxbow lakes in the upper Mississippi River and Missouri
River (Duan and Bianchi
2006
). The high, diatom-dominated phytoplankton biomass
in the lower Mississippi River is likely the result of decreasing total suspended sol-
ids (because of increased damming in the watershed) and increasing nutrients (due to
enhanced agricultural runoff) over the past few decades (Duan and Bianchi
2006
).
Lakes and Reservoirs
Chl
a
concentrations are significantly variable, from 0.01 to 850
μ
g L
−
1
in a vari-
ety of lakes (Table
1
) (Carrillo et al.
2002
; Kasprzak et al.
2008
; Fu et al.
2010
;
Mostofa KMG et al. unpublished data; Vicente and Miracle
1984
; Pedros-Alio et
al.
1987
; Guildford and Hecky
2000
; Camacho
2006
; Satoh et al.
2006
; Sawatzky
et al.
2006
; Hamilton et al.
2010
; Fee
1976
; Sommaruga and Augustin
2006
; Yuma et al.
2006
; Kiefer et al.
1972
; Gross et al.
1997
; Barbiero
and Tuchman
2004
; Fahnenstiel and Scavia
1987
; de Moraes Novo
et al.
2006
; Aizaki et al.
1981
; Rojo and Miracle
1987
; Dasí and Miracle
1991
; Miracle et al.
1993
; Windolf et al.
1996
; Camacho
1997
; Yoshioka
1997
; Biddanda et al.
2001
; Kahlert
2002
; Laurion et al.
2002
; Bachmann
et al.
2003
; Camacho et al.
2003
; Straškrábová et al.
2005
; Blindow et al.
2006
; Silsbe et al.
2006
; McCallister and del Giorgio
2008
; Striebel et al.
2008
; Antoniades et al.
2009
; James et al.
2009
; Pan et al.
2009
; Winder
et al.
2009
; Lv et al.
2011
; Wang et al.
2012
; Liu et al.
2011
; Zhang et al.
2007
;
Rae et al.
2001
). These studies demonstrate that the highest detected Chl
a
concen-
trations can be ordered as follows: <850
μ
g L
−
1
in Lake Cisó (Spain); <327
μ
g
L
−
1
in lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area (northwestern Ontario, Canada);
<298
μ
g L
−
1
in Lake Arcas (Spain); <276
μ
g L
−
1
in several shallow Danish lakes;
<265
μ
g L
−
1
in numerous Florida Lakes; <189.8
μ
g L
−
1
in Subtropical and urban
shallow Lakes (Wuhan, China); <189
μ
g L
−
1
in several lakes in Japan; <175.9
μ
g
