Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
organisms, they can be used as a criterion in the classification of autotrophic bacte-
ria and cyanobacteria or algae (Williams and Claustre
1991
; Marchand et al.
2005
;
Rowan
1989
; Liang et al.
1993
; Downs and Lorenzen
1985
; Trüper
1987
; Volkman
et al.
1988
; Vaulot et al.
1990
; Veldhuis and Kraay
1990
; Wilhelm et al.
1991
;
Brunet et al.
1992
; Head and Horne
1993
; Soma et al.
1993
). Similarly, phaeopig-
ments (Chl degradation products) represent the dominant form of plant pigments
in marine sediments (Brown et al.
1991
; Baker and Louda
1983
; Furlong and
Carpenter
1988
; Leavitt and Carpenter
1990
; Bianchi and Findlay
1991
; Bianchi
et al.
1993
; Jeffrey et al.
1997
). Chl
b
is used as a biomarker for chlorophytes
(Bianchi et al.
2002
). (vii) Primary production (e.g. algae) is substantially high in
ice bed (0.1-1,000
μ
g L
−
1
) and can provide food resources for organisms in higher
trophic levels, in seasons and regions where the water-column biological produc-
tion is low or negligible (Palmisano et al.
1985
; Garrison et al.
1986
; Wheeler
et al.
1996
; Mock and Gradinger
1999
; Lizotte
2001
). (viii) The specific
Chl
a
content per unit of phytoplankton biomass is typically decreased with
increasing phytoplankton standing stocks, and with Chl
a
concentration in natu-
ral waters and also in laboratory cultures of certain species (Kasprzak et al.
2008
;
Desortová
1981
; Shlgren
1983
; Wojciechowska
1989
; Watson et al.
1992
; Talling
1993
; Chow-Fraser et al.
1994
; Schmid et al.
1998
; Felip and Catalan
2000
; Sandu
et al.
2003
; Kiss et al.
2006
). Such a trend might reflect several phenomena such
as: degradation of Chl
a
bound in phytoplankton; lake trophic status; phytoplank-
ton community structure; size frequency distribution of algal cells; and seasonal
shifts within the plankton community (Bianchi et al.
2002
; Bursche
1961
; Nusch
and Palme
1975
; Harris
1986
; Watson and McCauley
1988
; Arnott and Vanni
1993
; Fu et al.
2010
; Mostofa KMG et al. unpublished data). (ix) Chloropigments
(Chl
a
and carotenoids) and their degradation products could be important deter-
minants of UV and PAR attenuation in natural waters, due to their efficient radia-
tion absorption (see also chapter
“
Colored and Chromophoric Dissolved Organic
Matter (CDOM) in Natural Waters
”
) (Zhang et al.
2009
; Devlin et al.
2009
; Zhang
and Qin
2007
; Dupouy et al.
2010
; Zhang et al.
2007
). (x) The ultimate degrada-
tion products of Chls and pigments are colorless (Zhang et al.
2009
; Marchand
et al.
2005
; Mostofa K et al. unpublished data; Wakeham and Lee
1993
; Mostofa K
et al. unpublished data; Meyers
1997
). They may contribute to autochthonous
DOM and, therefore, to DOM dynamics in natural waters. Lipids, one of the three
major classes of organic matter in algal material, are often used as biomarkers
because of their lower labilility compared to proteins and carbohydrates (Mostofa
et al.
2009
; Sun et al.
2002
; Wakeham
1995
; Volkman
1986
).
2.2 Determination of Chls and Other Pigments
For the measurement of Chls, and particularly of Chl
a
, Chl
b
and Chl
c
, various
absorption peaks have been used. Absorption peaks have small variations depend-
ing on the phytoplankton species (Goedheer
1970
; Prezelin
1981
; Aguirre-Gomez
