Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Em peak which is similar to those of protein-like or tryptophan-like fluorescence
(Table
2
) (Zhang et al.
2010
). EPSs produced by anaerobic sludge under sulfate-
reducing conditions are capable of biosorption of heavy metals to remove from the
waste water treatment plant (Zhang et al.
2010
).
6 FDOM Study: A Useful Indicator of DOM Dynamics
in Natural Waters
The EEMS and its combination with PARAFAC modeling could be useful to
identify the fluorescent organic substances, their sources and their physical, pho-
toinduced and microbial alterations in water (Mostofa et al.
2009a
; Hudson et al.
2007
; Coble
2007
). The main applications are as follows: (i) Identification of the
allochthonous fulvic and humic acid of vascular plant origin and of their terrestrial
sources (Mostofa et al.
2005a
; Stedmon et al.
2003
; Ohno and Bro
2006
; Singh
et al.
2010
; Holbrook et al.
2006
; Balcarczyk et al.
2009
; Santín et al.
2009
;
Yamashita and Jaffé
2008
); (ii) Identification of autochthonous fulvic acids (C-like
and M-like) of algal origin and of their sources in water (Stedmon and Markager
2005a
,
2005b
; Stedmon et al.
2007a
; Mostofa et al.
2005b
; Zhang et al.
2009a
;
Kowalczuk et al.
2009
; Balcarczyk et al.
2009
; Santín et al.
2009
; Murphy et al.
2008
; Yamashita and Jaffé
2008
; Cammack et al.
2004
; Nieto-Cid et al.
2005
;
Boehme and Wells
2006
); (iii) Identification of proteins, of aromatic amino acids
(tryptophan-like, tyrosine-like and phenylalanine-like) and of their autochtho-
nous sources in water (Yamashita and Tanoue
2003a
; Stedmon and Markager
2005a
,
2005b
; Mostofa et al.
2010
; Zhang et al.
2009a
; Kowalczuk et al.
2009
;
Balcarczyk et al.
2009
; Santín et al.
2009
; Murphy et al.
2008
; Yamashita and Jaffé
2008
; Boehme and Wells
2006
); (iv) Detection of fluorescent whitening agents,
of components of detergents and of their anthropogenic sources (Mostofa et al.
2005a
,
2010
; Komaki and Yabe
1982
; Westerhoff et al.
2001
; Baker
2002
,
2001
);
(v) Identification of various DOM components of terrestrial, algal and anthropo-
genic origin in sediment pore waters (Burdige et al.
2004
; Fu et al.
2006
; Li et al.,
Characteristics of sediment pore water dissolved organic matter in four Chinese
lakes using EEM spectroscopy and PARAFAC modeling, unpublished data); (vi)
Characterization of chemical properties of humic substances from soil and compost
(Fuentes et al.
2006
); (vii) Detection of photoinduced alterations in DOM and in
its optical-chemical properties in water (Mostofa et al.
2005a
,
2005b
; Skoog et al.
1996
; Moran et al.
2000
; del Vecchio and Blough
2002
; Zhang et al.
2009b
; Wu
et al.
2005
), and (viii) Identification of changes in the redox state of fulvic acid
(reduced and oxidized) caused by microbial processes in water (Fulton et al.
2004
).
EEMS could be useful as a potential monitoring tool to control organic mat-
ter pollution (Mostofa et al.
2009a
; Hudson et al.
2007
; Henderson et al.
2009
).
It could be applied: (i) To analyze drinking water and sewerage-impacted waste-
water (Mostofa et al.
2010
; Chen et al.
2003
; Baker et al.
2004
; Holbrook et al.
2005
; Hudson et al.
2008
); (ii) To detect pollution levels of anthropogenic DOM
