Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
5.1 Distribution and Sources of DOM in Natural Waters
DOM Contents in Stream, Rivers, Groundwater and Rainwater
DOC concentrations are very variable in different upstream locations of the
world (Table
2
). Relatively low values such as 7-970
μ
M C are found in
Asia (Mostofa et al.
2005a
,
b
,
2010
, Mostofa KMG et al., unpublished data;
Hayakawa et al.
2004
; Konohira and Yoshioka
2005
) and 17-3300
μ
M C in
North America (Table
2
) (McKnight et al.
1993
,
2001
; Volk et al.
1997
; David
and Vance
1991
; Fellman et al.
2009
; Eckhardt and Moore
1990
; Dosskey
and Bertsch
1994
; Wahl et al.
1997
; Cory et al.
2004
; Meier et al.
2004
;
Fahey et al.
2005
; Raymond and Saiers
2010
). Value found in Europe are a bit
higher (21-6250
μ
M C) (Stedmon et al.
2007b
; Worrall et al.
2004a
; Evans
et al.
2006
; Chapman et al.
2001
; Monteith and Evans
2005
; Gielen et al.
2011
).
Stream DOM is mostly released from the leaching of ground water in high mountain
areas that in Asia are densely shaded by coniferous-mixed forests or typical grassland.
In Europe-North America, the major sources of stream DOM are riparian vegetation,
woodland streams (major sources of detritus), wetlands, swamps, and peat-land.
DOC concentrations in rivers vary in different locations of the world (Table
2
).
It has been found 32-2429
μ
M C in Asia (Mostofa et al.
2005b
,
2007a
,
2010
,
Mostofa KMG et al., unpublished data; Yoshioka et al.
2002b
,
2007
; Ittekkot et al.
1985
; Safiullah et al.
1987
; Cauwet and Mackenzie
1993
; Tao
1996
; Zhang
1996
;
Kao and Liu
1997
; Zhang et al.
1999
; Gao et al.
2002
; Nagao et al.
2003
; Ishikawa
et al.
2006
; Yue et al.
2006
; He et al.
2010
); 83-833
μ
M C in Africa (Martins
and Probst
1991
); ~50-3917
μ
M C in Europe (Vazquez et al.
2011
; Eisma et al.
1982
; Cadée
1987
; Meybeck et al.
1988
; Rostan and Cellot
1995
; Elbe
1997
; Lara
et al.
1998
; Veyssy
1998
; Duff et al.
1999
; Abril et al.
2000
,
2002
; Baker
2001
,
2002
; Brodnjak-Von
ina et al.
2002
; Guéguen et al.
2002
; Baker and Spencer
2004
; Kaiser et al.
2004
; Romani et al.
2004
); 40-4167
μ
M C in North America
(Wu et al.
2005
; Xie et al.
2004
; McKnight et al.
2001
; Alberts and Takács
1999
;
Guéguen et al.
2006
; Morel and Gentili
2009
; Raymond and Bauer
2001b
;
Haines
1979
; Newbern et al.
1981
; Spiker
1981
; Alberts et al.
1984
; Findlay
et al.
1991
; Perry and Perry
1991
; Prahl et al.
1998
; Crandall et al.
1999
; Davis
et al.
2001
; Biddanda and Cotner
2002
; Repeta et al.
2002
; Wang et al.
2004
;
Zanardi-Lamardo et al.
2004
; Schwede-Thomas et al.
2005
; See and Bronk
2005
;
Stepanauskas et al.
2005
; Osburn et al.
2009
); and ~108-7500
μ
M C in Latin
America (Raymond and Bauer
2001b
; Richey et al.
1990
; Depetris and Kempe
1993
; Daniel et al.
2002
). These results generally show that DOC concentra-
tions are relatively low in Asian and African Rivers and relatively high in Europe,
North and South America Rivers. The major sources of DOC in Asian Rivers
are natural ones such as leaching of groundwater in mountainous areas covered
by coniferous-mixed forests, deciduous conifer forest, grassland, irrigated grass-
land, and swamps, but also anthropogenic sources such as urban sewerage, indus-
trial and agricultural activities. In African Rivers, the major sources of DOC are
mostly from the typical rain forest belt, leaching and heterotrophic processes of
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