Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
at 0 m and 48-90
μ
M C at 90-2600 m in June 2001), 16-77 % in Western North
Pacific (85-117
μ
M C at 0 m and 66-73
μ
M C at 150 m), 0-194 % in Atlantic
Ocean (50-97
μ
M C at <100 m and 33-59
μ
M C at >1000 m), 0-165 % in
Pacific Ocean (40-90
μ
M C at <100 m and 34-45
μ
M C at >1000 m), 28-121 %
in Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea (55-95
μ
M C at <100 m and 43
μ
M C at
>1000 m), 0-121 in Antarctic Ocean (38-75
μ
M C at <100 m and 34-60
μ
M C
at >1000 m), as well as 0-118 % in Arctic Ocean (34-107
μ
M C at <100 m and
49-54
μ
M C at >1000 m) (Mostofa et al.
2005a
,
2009a
; Fu et al.
2010
; Ogawa
and Tanoue
2003
; Ogawa and Ogura
1992
; Wilkinson et al.
1997
; Mitra et al.
2000
; Yoshioka et al.
2002a
; Hayakawa et al.
2003
,
2004
; Annual Report
2004
;
Bade
2004
; Sugiyama et al.
2004
).
The contribution of extracellular release of photosynthetically-derived DOM
varies from 5 to 70 % in natural waters (Lancelot
1979
; Fogg
1983
; Connolly
et al.
1992
). The autochthonous production is significantly higher in oceans with
a high water temperature (WT) than in those with a low water temperature, par-
ticularly in the Arctic Ocean. The key contributors to autochthonous DOM in
natural waters as well as in sediment pore waters are considered to be phyto-
plankton or algal biomass, bacteria, coral, coral reef, submerged aquatic vegeta-
tion, krill (shrimp-like marine crustaceans), seagrass, and marsh- and mangrove
forest (Mostofa et al.
2009a
,
b
; Zhang et al.
2009
; Li et al.
2011
; McKnight et al.
1991
,
1993
,
1994
,
2001
; Tanoue et al.
1995
,
1996
; Fukuda et al.
1998
; Nelson et
al.
1998
,
2004
; Tanoue
2000
; Kahru and Mitchell
2001
; Ogawa et al.
2001
; Hata
et al.
2002
; Rochelle-Newall and Fisher
2002a
,
b
; Burdige et al.
2004
; Cammack
et al.
2004
; Steinberg et al.
2004
; Wild et al.
2004
; Yamashita and Tanoue
2004
;
Biers et al.
2007
; Chen et al.
2007
; Vantrepotte et al.
2007
; Wada et al.
2007
;
Wang et al.
2007
; Hanamachi et al.
2008
; Henderson et al.
2008
; Tanaka et al.
2008
; Tzortziou et al.
2008
; Ortega-Retuerta et al.
2009
; Tranvik et al.
2009
).
These studies demonstrate that autochthonous DOM is produced from POM by
several processes such as photoinduced and microbial respiration (or assimilation),
zooplankton grazing, bacterial release and uptake, viral interactions, and complex
microbial processes in sediment pore waters.
3.2.1 Respiration or Assimilation of Algae or Phytoplankton
Species and Bacteria
Algae or phytoplankton biomass and bacteria can release new DOM in natu-
ral waters by two key processes: first, photoinduced respiration or assimilation
of algae or phytoplankton biomass and bacteria, which can produce new DOM
(Mostofa et al.
2005a
,
2009b
,
2011
; Rochelle-Newall and Fisher
2002a
; Varela
et al.
2003
; Aoki et al.
2008
; Biddanda and Benner
1997
; Hulatt et al.
2009
).
Second, microbial respiration or assimilation of algae or phytoplankton and bac-
teria, which can release the new DOM in natural waters (Mostofa et al.
2009a
,
b
,
2011
; Parlanti et al.
2000
; Zhang et al.
2009
; Fu et al.
2010
; McKnight et al.
1991
,
1994
,
2001
; Nelson et al.
2004
; Rochelle-Newall and Fisher
2002a
; Cammack
