Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
published in Spanish in 1977, biographical data, discussions on panbiogeo-
graphy, orthogenesis and Darwinism, and a list of Croizat's publications. A
special volume of
Rivista di Biologia—Biology Forum
(Italy), edited by Craw
and Sermonti (1988), included contributions by Craw, Grehan, and Heads
on theoretical issues and empirical applications by Climo and Chiba on mol-
lusksandbutterflies,respectively.Aspecialissueofthe
New Zealand Journ-
al of Zoology
(1989), more ambitious than the two previous, included the-
oretical, methodological, and empirical contributions, as well as discussions
on tectonics and the application of panbiogeography to biodiversity conser-
vation (Holloway 1992; Keast 1991; Nelson and Ladiges 1990). The topic by
Craw et al. (1999) represents the maturity of New Zealand panbiogeograph-
ers, and anyone with a serious interest in panbiogeography should read it.
Despite the important development of panbiogeography in New Zealand,
in the 1980s important political changes took place in the country, with con-
sequences for the economic support of scientific research. More orthodox
biogeographers took advantage of this circumstance, and the expansion of
panbiogeography in the country was limited (Grehan 2001c). Finally, New
Zealand panbiogeographers either lost their jobs, kept them but stopped
writing on panbiogeography, or had to find employment overseas (Heads
2005a). New Zealand panbiogeographers made a major contribution to the
field. In fact, many developments in panbiogeography, especially in Latin
America, owe more to Craw, Heads, and Grehan than to Croizat himself.
In Latin America, the primary interest in panbiogeography and cladistic
biogeography developed in the 1990s. In Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Colom-
bia, Chile, and Venezuela, panbiogeographic and cladistic biogeographic
ideas were discussed and applied to the resolution of biogeographic prob-
lems (Heads 2005a; Morrone 2004a). Morrone and Crisci (1990, 1995) ar-
gued that the panbiogeographic and cladistic biogeographic methods can
be applied as successive stages of the same analysis. Initially, a panbiogeo-
graphic analysis allows ordering of the studied taxa in different sets, accord-
ing to their biotic origin. Then, through cladistic biogeography, it is possible
to determine the relationships between the areas that integrate each of gen-
eralizedtracksformerlyidentified. Morrone(2001c,2004a)identified thefirst
stage with primary biogeographic homology and the second with secondary
biogeographic homology.
