Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
New York school of zoogeography zoogeographic approach originated in the first
decades of the twentieth century, founded on the dispersal of organisms over
a static Earth. Authors include William Diller Matthew (1871-1930), George
Gaylord Simpson (1902-1984), Philip J. Darlington Jr. (1904-1983), George
Sprague Myers (1905-1985), and Ernst Mayr (1904-2005).
node complex area where two or more generalized tracks superimpose, which is
usually interpreted as a tectonic and biotic convergence zone.
orientation formulating a hypothesis on the sequence of the disjunctions implied
in an individual track, based on a baseline, main massing, or phylogenetic in-
formation.
panbiogeographic analysis analysisconsistingofthreebasicsteps:(1)construct-
ing individual tracks for two or more different taxa, (2) obtaining generalized
tracks based on the comparison of the individual tracks, and (3) identifying
nodes in the areas where two or more generalized tracks intersect.
panbiogeography biogeographic approach originally developed by Léon Croizat
(1894-1982) that emphasizes the spatial or geographic dimension of biod-
iversity to allow a better understanding of evolutionary patterns and pro-
cesses. It is based on four assumptions: Distributional patterns constitute an
empirical database for biogeographic analyses; distributional patterns provide
information about where, when, and how plants and animals evolved; the
spatial and temporal component of these distributional patterns can be rep-
resented graphically; and testable hypotheses about historical relationships
between the evolution of distributions and Earth history can be derived from
geographic correlations between distribution graphs and geological or geo-
morphic features. Authors include Robin Craw, Michael Heads, John Grehan,
Ian Henderson, and Rod Page.
Pangaea supercontinent that in the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian included
all the continents we know in the present. Pangaea soon became divided into
two landmasses: Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south.
paralogy-free subtree analysis cladistic biogeographic method that reduces com-
plex cladograms to paralogy-free subtrees, then inputs them in a component
or three-item matrix, which is analyzed with a parsimony algorithm.
parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) biogeographic method that constructs
cladograms based on the parsimony analysis of presence-absence data of
species and supraspecific taxa. Units analyzed include localities, areas of
endemism, grid cells, hydrological basins, real and virtual islands, transects,
communities, and political entities. PAE is used for panbiogeographic analysis
and for obtaining areas of endemism.
pattern nonrandom, repetitive arrangement or distribution of organisms and clades
in geographic space.
pattern-based methods cladistic biogeographic methods that search for general
patternsofrelationshipsbetweenareas,withoutinitialassumptionsaboutpar-
ticular biogeographic processes. They include component analysis, Brooks
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