Glossary - Evolutionary Biogeography - page 320

evolutionary biogeography approach that integrates distributional, phylogenetic,
molecular, and paleontological data in order to discover biogeographic pat-
terns and assess the historical changes that shaped them.
extensionism belief that long-distance dispersal is an unlikely process to explain
disjunct distributions, so ancient land bridges and continents now submerged
in the oceans, which once linked the surviving continents, must be postulated.
Extensionists include Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911), Hermann von Iher-
ing (1850-1930), Florentino Ameghino (1854-1911), Daniele Rosa
(1857-1944), John Christopher Willis (1868-1958), René Jeannel
(1879-1965), and Alfred Wegener (1880-1930).
extinction local extirpation or total disappearance of a taxon.
filter physical or biological feature that is not equally favorable for dispersal of all
species.
genealogical hierarchy an arrangement of entities called replicators that contain
information, reproduce in similar entities, and evolve. Replicators include
genes, chromosomes, organisms, and clades.
general area cladogram area cladogram based on the information from the differ-
ent resolved area cladograms.
generalized track result of the significant superposition of different individual
tracks, which indicate the preexistence of an ancestral biotic component that
became fragmented by geological or tectonic events.
geobiotic scenario plausible explanation of the episodes of vicariance or biotic di-
vergence and dispersal or biotic convergence that have shaped the evolution
of the biotic components analyzed.
geodispersal simultaneous movement of several taxa caused by the effacement
of a barrier, followed by the emergence of a new barrier that produces subse-
quent vicariance. It is also known as mass coherent dispersal, biotic dispers-
al, concerted dispersal, or predicted dispersal.
geological area cladogram area cladogram based on geological or tectonic data.
Gondwana supercontinent from the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic, which included
the land areas that later became South America, Africa, Madagascar, Antarc-
tica, Australia, New Zealand, and India.
hierarchical thinking the idea that nature is structured in entities that are ordered
hierarchically, with smaller entities nested within larger ones. Each level of a
hierarchy has its emergent properties and some autonomy; it is not a mere
assemblage of smaller entities.
historical biogeography subdiscipline that analyzes patterns of species and
supraspecifictaxa,atlargespatialandtemporalscales,beingmoreinterested
in processes that happen over long periods of time.
horofauna event of adaptive evolution of different lineages that interact, maximize
the exploitation of available resources, and reach stability, covering all pos-
sible ecological niches.