Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
cladistic biogeography
approach originated by Gareth Nelson, Donn Eric Rosen,
and Norman Platnick, who associated Croizat's panbiogeography with Hen-
nig's phylogenetic systematics. Cladistic biogeography assumes a corres-
pondencebetweentaxonomicrelationshipsandarearelationships.Ifwecom-
pare area cladograms derived from taxonomic cladograms of different groups
of plant and animals inhabiting a certain region, we may recognize the gener-
al pattern of fragmentation of the areas analyzed. Other authors include Chris
Humphries, Lynne Parenti, Dan Brooks, Malte Ebach, and Bruce Lieberman.
classical biogeography
inauguratedbyCarlLinnaeus(1707-1778),whoprovided
an explanation of the geographic distribution of living beings. Other classical
biogeographers are Johann Reinhold Forster (1729-1798), Eberhardt August
Wilhelm von Zimmermann (1743-1815), Karl Willdenow (1765-1812), Al-
exander von Humboldt (1769-1805), and Augustin Pyrame de Candolle
(1779-1841).
comparative phylogeography
comparison of the phylogeographic structure ex-
hibited by sympatric species to discover whether they exhibit congruent pat-
terns, geographically structured by vicariance events. Incongruent patterns
may indicate that the species colonized the area more recently, whereas con-
gruent patterns may suggest a longer history of association of the different
species. This approach is similar to cladistic biogeography.
component analysis
cladistic biogeographic method that solves the problems de-
rived from redundant distributions, widespread taxa, and missing areas using
assumptions 0, 1, and 2 and then intersects the solved sets of resolved area
cladograms to obtain the general area cladograms.
constrained dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA)
variation of the tree reconcili-
ation analysis that distinguishes between random dispersals (those that imply
that the taxon passes through a barrier) and predictable dispersals (those that
occur when a barrier disappears).
corridor
geographic feature that facilitates dispersal. Corridors include a variety of
habitats so that a large number of the organisms found at either end of them
have little difficulty traversing them.
Darwinian biogeography
classic dispersalist model, first articulated by Charles
Lyell (1797-1875) and then developed by Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913).
descriptive biogeography
subdiscipline that describes biogeographic patterns.
descriptive dispersal
extent to which organisms are able to move within their dis-
tributional area.
descriptive vicariance
disjunct distribution, showing where a biotic component vi-
cariated, not when the isolation occurred. It functions as a general statement
of geographic distribution.
diffusion
gradual movement of populations across adjacent suitable habitats, over
several generations. It is also known as range expansion.
